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Effect
of social and family factors on rate of
suicide among Iranian university students
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Seyyed Hadi
Motamedi MD, Asghar Dadkhah PhD
University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation science, Tehran
Abbas Tavallaee
MD
Baghiatallah University of medical
science, Tehran
Fatemeh Nasirzadeh
University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation science
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ABSTRACT
In all societies people
of different ages and races commit
suicide, and it is considered as one
of the first ten causes of death.
There may be several reasons for suicide
and their recognition has always been
of great importance for the authorities
who are supposed to control it.
In fact, committing suicide among
young people, especially university
students, is a great social problem.
It is also a matter of concern for
mental health specialists. The aim
of this study is to investigate the
relationship between social and family
factors and the idea of committing
suicide among university students
in Iran. 100 university students (50
male, 50 female) from the University
of Welfare and Rehabilitation sciences
were randomly selected and participated
in the study.
A 59 question demographic questionnaire
about family situation, personal features
and the idea of committing suicide,
and also a Beck questionnaire about
depression and disappointment was
administered. The questionnaires were
filled out in a private interview.
The samples were taken randomly.
It was found out that the singles
were more inclined to commit suicide
than the married students. Divorce,
failure in education, and family background
also increase the incidence. Among
the other increasing factors old age
and female sex was indicated.
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Key Words:
Social and family factors, suicidal idea
and attempt, university students.
The
word suicide is a French word that consists
of two parts: sui which means self and cide
which means Killing (Dorckhime, 1999). .Pierre
Moron indicates that suicide is an intentional
act either consciously or unconsciously
in order to destroy one's self (Moron, 1997).
Aristotle believes that suicide is different
to sacrifice. (Azkia, 1985) Freud believes
that sexual relationships with others is
an important factor (Roiters, 1994). According
to Eric Frum the disintegration of social
and traditional beliefs is an effective
factor (khosravi, 1960). This theory is
confirmed by Hallbwachs. (Shabani Fard Jahromi)
Dorkhime claims that economical welfare
decreases suicide. (Halbwachs,1930)Henry
and Short confirm this idea with and put
an emphasis on aggression. (Henry,1965)
Gibbs and Martin emphasize the contrast
of roles. (Gibbs,1965) Some people believe
that social vacancy surrounding a person
is the only cause of his/her suicide (Alec
Ray). Sometimes suicides find an elevated
value in society (Heidary,1997). Of course
in this respect, the amount of suicides
in the society and the social position of
the people should be considered as determining
factors (Jahan Pajuhesh). There are examples
of the glorification of suicide in literature,
such as the examples in Shakespeare's Works
including the suicide of Juliet in Romeo
and Juliet, that of Ophelia in Hamlet and
that of Cleopatra in Anthony and Cleopatra
and also suicide in the works written by
Victor Hugo.
We
can see even the suicide of some famous
people, such as Ernest Hemingway.
It is estimated that 6% to 14% of people
have suicidal ideas, and 10% to 14% of those,
eventually committ suicide. Statistics shows
that it is increasing, especially among
young people all over the world (Mohseni
,1987). Researche shows that the number
of women who have to stay in hospital because
of attempted suicide is more than that of
men (Burke,1978,7-11) and concerning the
seasonal effects, it increases a bit in
spring and autumn and decreases in winter.
Suicide
is a great social pathology and is also
a matter of concern for those who deal with
mental health. This problem is worse especially
when it concerns young people and university
students who are the hope of our future.
(Shopfropfer 2001) .
People of all different ages, races, and
social classes may commit suicide. (Jilianeh
and Jeifer 1993) . When the number of young
people increases in a society, the number
of suicides increases too. For example after
the second world war with the large number
of children, the problem was that a lot
of young people committed suicide ( Caplan
and Sadud 2000, Merk 2002) .
It
seems that the increase of suicide is the
result of different factors including social
environment, a change in the way we look
at suicide, and availability of its tools
(Hawthon and Kate 1997)
Among
the other causes of suicide we can refer
to great depression, misuse of drugs, and
criminal behaviors ( Caplan and Saduk 2000,
and Merk 2002) and (Sarason,1994). In this
respect there are two groups of causes:
those that make the victim inclined and
those that make his/her tendency evident.
In the first group we can refer to family
background, mental disorders, physical problems,
and also suicide attempts in the family,
especially the parents. In the second group
the crises of conformity, quarrel with parents,
friends, and classmates, unemployment, divorce
or separation, bereavement, and also all
the stressful events of life.( Caplan ,
Saduk and Gereb, 1996). Men are more successful
in suicide than women. In this respect China
is an exception. Iran is the 58th country
in the world in which out of each 100,000
people 6 attempt suicide. ( Table
1 shows the rate of suicide in some
countries for the two sexes. )
It
is reported that in 2001 there were 3000
suicides in Iran (65% men , 35% women) which
is about 1% of total deaths. In developed
countries this rate changes to %1 to 2%
of total deaths. (Ganil, 2000). The number
of suicidal attempts is more than successful
suicides. For example in our country it
is reported about 2 to 50 times more and
this number changes in different provinces.
In
different countries women usually attempt
suicide 3 to 4 times more than men but men
have successful suicides 3 times more than
womem (Caplan and Saduk, 2000).
In Iran men usually have successful suicides;
2 times more than women. But in some provinces
such as Ilam, Bushehr, Khuzestatn, kohkiluye
and Boyerahmad, Fars, and Kerman the number
of women who commit suicide is more than
men. It is reported that the highest rate
of successful suicide is in Ilam (26 in
100,000) and in Kermanshah (23 in 100,000)
and the lowest rate is in Tehran and Sistan
and Baluchestan. The oldest statistics about
suicide in Iran can be taken from an article
written by Dr. Mirsepasi in 1970 and published
in a magazine about psychology. Manoochehr
Mohseni 1884 announced 229 cases of suicide
in Iran (1.3 in 100,000). In research made
by Dr. Naghavi in 1994 it is reported that
among the population of villagers, the rate
of suicide is 5 in 100,000. Killing by fire
is one of the most frequent ways of suicide
among woman in some provinces. According
to the study of Kamalzadeh and his colleagues
the rate of suicide in Tehran has gone up
three times higher in comparison with the
last decade. Based on research in Kerman
it is observed that women'sattempted suicide
is 1.5 times more than men but successful
suicide among men is 1.5 times more than
women (Abbasizadeh,1999). Studies about
this matter are so numerousthat it is not
possible to deal with all the different
aspects and texts, so some of the outstanding
points will be given as follows:
Although the rate of suicide normally increases
among middle-aged and old people (men after
45 and woman after 55), it is also increasing
very rapidly among the young people especially
boys between 15-24 years old (Tehran University,
1996). Depression and schizophrenia are
the two main causes of suicide, and the
background of its attempt shows how serious
it might be (Caplan and saduk,1999). The
idea of suicide is more common among men,
old people, and single or divorced people
(Caplan and saduk,1999). Suicide is more
common in urban and industrial areas in
contrast with rural and non-industrial areas.
(Sheibani,1973) The matter of suicide is
rarely observed among children, only in
urban areas. (Mohseni ,1967,9-11) Higher
social position and lower social rank are
two other causes of suicide (Caplan and
saduk,1999). The other cause is social disorder
that leads to personal disorder. (Caran,1965)
Suicide is very common among themedical
doctors, especially female doctors and its
main causes are depression and addiction.
Psychiatrists and then ophthalmologists
and anesthetists in contrast with the other
specialists, have greater tendency to commit
suicide). The unemployed people have a greater
tendency. (Caplan and saduk,1999). And in
general in high and low positions it is
more common than in average positions. (Mohseni
,1987)T he rate of suicide among whites
is more then blacks. (Caplan and saduk,1999).
The acceptance of a person in the family
is the basis of his/her physical and moral
health and as a result decreases the danger
of suicide. (Mohagheghi,1985) Marriage and
having children decrease the rate of suicide
enormously. It is observed that suicide
among singles is two times more than married
people and also among the divorced people
is two times more than the singles. (Caplan
and saduk,1999) Disintegrated families increase
the rate of suicide especially among girls.
(Ministery of the Interior, Iran , 1990)
The Jews and Protestants commit suicide
more than the Catholics, and the Moslems
less than the others. (Mohseni,1987) Porterfield
believes that impiety is closely related
to suicide. (Caran,1965) Regardless of ethical,
religious, and philosophical matters, psychologists
investigated the subject of suicide based
on clinical cases and their attempt to understand
the reality of suicide. (Caplan and saduk,1999)
There is a close relationship between physical
health, sickness, and suicide. (%12 to %15
of suicides) (Mohseni,1987) Women are more
likely to commit suicide during their monthly
period, especially on the first day (Hassanpur
, mashhad and Beca and colleaques, Spanish).
But it rarely happens during pregnancy (Abbasizadeh,1999)
Having children is one of the factors that
'immunize' women more than men against suicide
(31). Imitation is one of the increasing
factors but for a limited time. (Dorckhime,1999)
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Regarding educational
institutuions, collegians and students,
according to the studies of Dr. Mohseni
in 1973-76 in Tehran, it is observed that
17.5% of suicides were related to collegians
and students. Failure in educational matters,
especially in exams, increases the rate
of suicide among university students. (
Alishiri,1991) Revolution doesn't affect
the rate of suicide, but war decreases it.
(Eslami Nasab,1992) Social complications
increase it. (Eslami Nasab,1992) When the
rate of homicide increases in a country,
the rate of suicide decreases consequently.
(Eslami Nasab,1992) Availability of the
suicidal agent is very important in determining
the type of suicide, for example in America
the gun is a very common dagent. In winter,
suffocation by gas, and in summer drowning
in water are very common. (Elahi,1987) There
are some other factors that increase the
danger of suicide including social forces,
sudden strong stressors, family problems
and crises, death of a close relative, dismissal,
the sense of failure, and also strong criticism
by others. (Ghaem Magham,1985) Addiction
to alcohol and drugs can be added to the
list (Oryan,1998). The community supposes
that poverty increases the risk of suicide,
but the fact is exactly the opposite. (Dorckhime,1999).
Of course in some countries such as India
and Uzbekistan, it is observed that there
is a close relationship between economic
crisis and poverty with suicide. (Sotudeh
,1994). Studies confirm the same point even
in Iran. (The Entekhab newspaper). Although
the relationship between modernity and suicide
has not been proved (Sotudeh ,1994) old
studies and statistics express the point
that the movement of society toward modernity
increases the rate of suicide. (Shabani
Fard Jahromi). In Iran increasing immigration
of villagers to cities is considered as
another cause. (Hesamian,1984).
Finally we are going
to have a look at different causes of suicide
in Iran. In Lorestan, it is primarily addiction
and poverty; in Ilam, depression, poverty,
and accusation regarding someone's chastity;
in Gilangharb, sexual privation, limitations,
and chastity affairs (Hesamian,1994); in
Kermanshah, family problems and psychological
and mental problems (Province council of
Kermanshah,1997), in Mazandaran, family
conflicts (Province council of Mazandaran,1997)
and in Kerman, family problems, and cultural
poverty (Province council of Kerman , 1997)
Based on the studies about women, we can
classify some of the causes of suicide among
women in this way: husband's addiction,
great difference between the ages, maladjustment,
the existence of several wives for a man,
lack of ability to make decisions, the interference
of others in the family affairs, marriage
at an early age, and also considering divorce
as a very undesirable act (Asgari ,1997).
It is interesting to know that in Iran suicide
is very popular among the young married
women while in western countries it is popular
among the old unmarried men. (Asgari, 1997).
There are several bodies of research about
different causes of suicide in Iran: According
to a research undertaken in 1994, the causes
are mentioned respectively as loneliness,
age, irremediable disease, and failure in
life and love (Gudarzi, 1994). In other
research, the causes are pointed out as
marital problems, undesirable condition
of family life, psychological problems,
failure in love, mental and personal disorders,
poverty, joblessness, addiction, urban and
industrial life and disintegration of social
groups (Sotudeh, 1994). Based on other research
the factors are mentioned respectively as
marital problems, undesirable condition
of family life, poverty, joblessness, addiction,
psychological problems, personal and mental
disorders, failure in love, and urban and
industrial life (Mohseni, 1987).
The
students of bachelor level at the university
of Welfare and Rehabilitation in Thehran
were the basis of statistical research.
A sample group of 100 people (50 male, 50
female) was taken randomly from the same
society.
Demographic questionnaire
obtaininginformation and two Beck questionnaires,
about hopelessness and depression, were
filled out respectively in a private and
face - to - face situation. At the same
time all the questions of the samples were
answered.
This is retrospective
research
THE VARIABLES OF RESEARCH |
The independent variables
are social and family factors and the dependant
variable is suicide.
The software SPSS
(9.5) is used in this research and then
the method of one sample T test is used
in which the relationship between the main
variables and those that affect the number
and rate of depression (which determines
the rate of suicidal thought ) is considered
. The important point is the meaningful
level that is about 0.0005 in the four cases
of divorce, failure in education, marital
status, and family background.
50 men and 50 women took
part in this test. Their ages were between
17 and 26 and the highest percent belonged
to the age of 22 which was 23% of the whole.
15% of the samples were married, 58% stayed
at the dormitories and 42% lived at home.
8% of the samples had experienced failure
during their education. 32% of the samples
had the idea of suicide and 6% attempted
unsuccessful suicides. 28% had experienced
the loss of a close
relative in the last 6 months. In the family
of two subjects there was a background of
suicide. Among the samples, there was a
significant relationship between depression
and divorce, failure in education, marital
status, and family background. Of course
the relationship between depression and
family background was stronger than the
others (Table 2). About
the marks of hopelessness we can conclude
that they were from 1 to 15. Most of these
were between 2 and 8. The highest percents
were for mark 3 by 17%, mark 2 by 16%, and
mark 5 by 10%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION |
For
many years in Iran nobody paid attention
to comprehensive research about suicide
(Mohseni ,1987) and the students rarely
made such research. Studies about educational
matters in America and especially at some
universities such as Yale, Kernel, and Harvard
support the fact that in these cities the
university students commit suicide more
than other groups of people. According to
the research of Dr. Mohseni about suicide
in Tehran (1973-74), it is observed that
17.5% of suicides were related to collegians
and students, which supports the above-
mentioned point. In this research, some
factors such as failure in exams, lack of
educational success, and family conditions,
are considered as the main causes of suicide
(Alishiri ,1991). Based on research in Kermanshah
(97-98) 3% of suicides were because of failure
in education (Province council of Kermanshah
,1997). In our sample test, 8 people had
experienced some failure and two of them
had suicidal thoughts . Separation from
family is another reasonfor suicidal thoughts,
especially among girls and the reason is
that they are dependant of their families
for social, economical, and emotional matters
(Ministry of the Interior, Iran , 1990).
Research in Tabriz (1978-79) shows that
the death of close relatives is the main
cause of suicide (Karbasi) and other research
made in 1994 supports the same point in
the whole country (Gudarzi ,1994). In our
test, 28 people had experienced the separation
of a close relative in the last 6 months
and 19 of them had thought of suicide and
3 of them committed suicide.
Among the samples
there were also 58 students who lived in
the dormitories far from their families,
from which 21 students had thought of suicide.
Research shows that the rate of suicide
among unmarried people is two times thar
of married ones (Caplan and saduk, 1999).
In our research there were 85 singles and
15 marriedstudents, and 30 of the singles
(35%) and 2 of the married students (13%)
had thought of suicide. Also from the 6
students who committed suicide, 5 were single.
Of course in Iran marriage can be considered
as a controlling factor especially for men
(Asgari, 1997) and as a result, marriage
decreases the amount of suicide (Mohagheghi,
1985). Research shows that suicide has increased
in extended families in comparison with
nuclear families (Ministry of the Interior,
Iran, 1990). In ourresearch, there were
backgrounds of suicide attempts in only
the family of 2 samples, but neither of
them had tendency to the same. Of course
the problem is that our statistical society
is limited. Most of the research confirms
that family problems are the main causes
in Iran ( between 54% and 80%) (Mohseni
,1987, Province council of Kermanshah ,1997
, Malek ,1994). The immunity of women against
suicide is more than men (Malek, 1978).
According to old research women committed
suicide more than men in Iran (Asgari ,1997)
but new research shows the opposite situation.
(Asgari ,2004) In our recent study 32 people
out of 100 had thought of suicide (19 women
and 13 men ) and of course 6 of them committed
suicide ( 4 women and 2 men) .Increasing
age is also an important factor (Tehran
University, 1996) Suicide is increasing
very fast among the men of 15 to 24 years
old (Tehran University, 1996). In our recent
study we observed that there is a direct
relationship between increasing age and
suicidal thoughts. The results of this study
proved all of our hypotheses: there is a
significant relationship between suicide
(thought and attempt) and divorce, failure
in education, marital status, and family
background. Age and sex also have a significant
relationship with suicide (thought and attempt).
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Lack of ability to apply this research
to the whole society because the selected
people may not represent the society.
- Limitation and small
size of the selected society that is considered
as a pilot study .
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Table 1. The rate of suicide in different countries
for the two sexes ( in 100,000 people
)
Number
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Country
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Suicide rate women
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Suicide rate men
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1
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Canada
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5.4
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21.5
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2
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Norway
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6.9
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17.7
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3
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The United States
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4.5
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19.8
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4
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Sweden
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9.2
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21.5
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5
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Australia
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4.7
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21
|
6
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France
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10.7
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31.5
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7
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Finland
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11.8
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43.4
|
8
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Germany
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8.7
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32.2
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9
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Denmark
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11.2
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42.2
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10
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Italy
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4
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12.7
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11
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Spain
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3.7
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12.7
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12
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Chile
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1.4
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10.2
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13
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Costa Rica
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1.8
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8
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14
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Poland
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16.7
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50.6
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15
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Venezuela
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1.9
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8.3
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16
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Mexico
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1
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5.4
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17
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Colombia
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1.5
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5.5
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18
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Cuba
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14.9
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25.6
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19
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Latvia
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15.6
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79.1
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20
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Thailand
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2.4
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5.6
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21
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Iran
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3.4
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3.8
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Source: the report of human expansion 1999 (undp)
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to text
Table 2. The rate of correlation between depression and the four Hypotheses
|
Number
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Correlation
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Meaningful level
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average
|
Standard marks
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Meaningful level 2-
Tailed
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1.divorce and depression
|
100
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- 0.10
|
0.31
|
1.46
|
0.78
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0.000
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2. Failure in education
and depression
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100
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- 0.29
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0.01
|
1.66
|
0.71
|
0.000
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3. Marital status and
depression
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100
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- 0.42
|
0.67
|
0.89
|
0.70
|
0.000
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4. Family background
and depression
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100
|
- 0.003
|
0.97
|
1.7
|
0.64
|
0.000
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In this table the variables are considered in pairs and there is a significant
relationship between depression
and the four hypotheses. The important
point in this table is the positive
correlation between depression
and family.
1-
The relationship is significant. 2-
The relationship is significant. 3- The relationship is significant. 4- The relationship is significant.
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