Authors:
Dr.Yeltekin Demirel*,
Nuran Güler**,
Dr.Aydin Toktamis*,
Psy.Deniz Özdemir*
Dr.R.Erol Sezer*
*Family Medicine Department of the Medical
School in SIVAS, TURKEY
** Department of Public Health, High School of Nursery
in SIVAS, TURKEY
Correspondence:
Aydin TOKTAMIS, MD.
Family Medicine Department of the Medical School,
University of Cumhuriyet,
58140, SIVAS, TURKEY
Phone: +903462191300/2119-2638,
Fax: +903462191284
E-mail: atoktamis@cumhuriyet.edu.tr,
atoktamis@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of the present
study was (a) to examine the burnout in a sample of
Turkish high school teachers and (b) to test the hypothesis
that Turkish teachers suffer from burnout more than
the teachers in the developed countries.
Methods: All of the high schools
in the city Centrum of Sivas, Turkey were contacted
for this study. Turkish version of the Maslach Burnout
Inventory was used in this study. Six hundred and ten
questionnaires were distributed to the teachers, and
520 questionnaires were returned. The 48 questionnaires
were excluded in the final analysis, because of including
inconclusive and/or incomplete data.
Result: There was no statistically
significant difference between the scores of sub samples
according (emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation)
to the gender (p>0, 05). There was an insignificant
negative correlation (p=0.08) between the depersonalisation
and personal accomplishment in the group of female teachers.
Drinking, smoking and marital status had no effect on
burnout in this study sample (p>0.05). Less experienced
Turkish teachers reported higher scores on depersonalisation
(p=0.001).
Conclusion: Turkish teachers suffer
from burnout less that of the teachers in many developed
countries.
INTRODUCTION
The most widely accepted conceptualisation
of burnout was found in the work of Maslach and Jackson
(1). They defined burnout as three-dimensional syndrome
consisting of emotional exhaustion, low personal accomplishment,
and depersonalisation. Particularly, professionals working
in human services e.g. teachers, physicians, social
workers and nurses are vulnerable to burnout (2). Specifically,
emotional exhaustion refers to the feelings of being
emotionally drained by intense contact with other people;
depersonalisation refers to the negative attitude or
callous responses toward people; and reduced personal
accomplishment refers to decline in one's sense of competence
and of successful achievement in working with people
(1, 3). In recent years, teacher's burnout has increasingly
received recognition as a widespread problem (4-6) and
the term has come to be used in conjunction with teachers
far more often than any other occupational group. Farber
(7) estimated that 30 to 35% of American teachers are
dissatisfied strongly with their profession and 5 to
20% truly are burned out. Research findings suggest
that, burnout and dissatisfaction with job are linked,
but they are not identical constructs. Maslach and Schaufeli
(8) used three hypotheses to explain the nature of that
relationship; (a) burnout is associated with decreased
job satisfaction (b) job dissatisfaction is associated
with burnout and (c) burnout and job dissatisfaction
both may be related to a third variable, such as poor
working conditions. In a literature review, Kyriacou
(9) pointed out the major sources of stress for teachers;
poor pupil motivation in school performance, undisciplined
behaviour of pupils, poor career opportunities; low
income and shortage of teaching equipment, poor facilities
and large classes; time pressures and short deadlines;
low societal recognition of profession; conflicts with
colleagues and supervisors; rapid changes in curricular
demands and adaptation of scholastic programs to changes
in a rapidly changing society. All of these factors
are valid in the working conditions of Turkish teachers.
Thus, it should be expected that Turkish teachers suffer
from burnout more than the teachers in the western-developed
countries.
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However, no research relevant to teacher's
burnout in Turkey exists in the literature on burnout.
The purpose of the present study was (a) to examine
the burnout in a sample of Turkish high school teachers
and (b) to test the hypothesis that Turkish teachers
suffer from burnout more than the teachers in the developed
countries.
METHOD
All of the high schools in the city Centrum
of SIVAS, TURKEY were contacted for this study. Six
hundred and ten questionnaires were distributed to the
teachers, and 520 questionnaires were returned. The
48 questionnaires were excluded in the final analysis,
because of including inconclusive and/or incomplete
data. Further descriptive information about our study
sample is given in Table
1. Participants were asked to fill out a background
information sheet and respond to the intensity dimension
of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (22 items) (1, 10).
Turkish version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)
was used in this study (11). Participants were requested
to evaluate each item in terms of the frequency of their
feelings ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (every day). The
items are scored into the three components of emotional
exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment.
High scores of the first two scales and low scores of
the last scale are indicative of burnout. Quantitative
data were analysed by using descriptive statistics,
correlation analysis and Student- t test on Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (ver.10.0).
RESULTS
The mean burnout scores and standard deviations
are shown in Table
2. There was no statistically significant difference
between the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation
scores of sub samples according to the gender (p>0,
05). In the group of male teachers; there was a statistically
significant positive correlation (p=0.00) between the
emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, a slightly
negative correlation (p=0.05) between the emotional
exhaustion and personal accomplishment and a statistically
significant negative correlation (p=0.00) between depersonalisation
and personal accomplishment. In the group of female
teachers; there was a positive correlation (p=0.00)
between the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation
and a negative correlation (p=0.019) between the emotional
exhaustion and personal accomplishment. However, there
was an insignificant negative correlation (p=0.08) between
the depersonalisation and personal accomplishment in
the group of female teachers. Drinking, smoking and
marital status had no effect on burnout in this study
sample (p>0.05). Less experienced Turkish teachers
reported higher scores on depersonalisation (p=0.001).
The teachers who have lower income had higher scores
on emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation (p<0.05).
However, they had similar scores on personal accomplishment
(p>0.05) (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
This is the first study examining
the burnout among a relatively large group of Turkish
teachers. The mean scores and standard deviations suggest
that the burnout reported by this sample of Turkish
teachers was lower than the burnout of teachers in the
USA (1), Italy, France (12) Netherland, Canada (13)
Emirate, and Palestine (14) and in Greece (15). Thus
the hypothesis of Turkish teacher suffers from burnout
more than the teacher in the developed countries was
rejected. We explained the low burnout scores of Turkish
teachers by the on going traditional life style and
cultural characteristics. There is no statistically
significant difference between male and female teachers
either in emotional exhaustion or in depersonalisation
and personal accomplishment. This finding is inconsistent
with the finding of JE van Horn et al (13) who showed
significant difference in burnout scores upon gender.
For marital status, drinking alcohol and smoking; there
was no statistically significant difference in burnout
subscale scores (p>0.05). For teaching experience;
no difference existed in emotional exhaustion and personal
accomplishment scores. However, there was statistically
significant difference in depersonalisation. Opposite
to Canadian and Dutch teachers (13) we found that teachers
who had teaching experience more than 10 years had lower
depersonalisation scores. Our hypothesis was that the
teachers who had low money income they would report
higher scores on burnout. This hypothesis was supported.
The Turkish teachers who had low money income have high
burnout scores. There is statistically significant difference
in emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and
in depersonalisation scores.
In conclusion, this study produced a baseline data on
burnout of Turkish teachers. Further research on teachers'
burnout is required in Turkey.
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