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June 2020 -
Volume 18, Issue 6

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From the Editor

Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor)
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Original Contribution

Lean processes mapping of diabetic patient flow in primary healthcare centres in Kuwait highlights opportunities for fewer patient visits
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Hisham Kelendar, Muhammad Faisal, Mohammed A Mohammed
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93814

The Survey of primary care physicians about their comprehension of HBA1C , and their understanding of the common medical conditions that can affect the accuracy of HBA1C
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Husam Al Saudi , Fazila Khattak
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93815

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in a Rural Population of AbuNakhla, Doha, Qatar
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mir Saad Hussain , Nusrat Nizamani
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93816

Get Acquainted with the Secret "Its Duration And Not The Type Of Contact That Matters In COVID-19"
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Hamzullah Khan, Mian Mohammad Naveed, Ghazan Khan, Mohammad Zahid Khan, Abu Zar, Fazli Bari
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93817

The most desired values of high density lipoproteins in the metabolic syndrome
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley Pocock
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93818

Population and Community Studies

Effects of Touch and Massage Care in Advanced Alzheimer Patient: A Pilot Case Report
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Emi Miki
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93819

Do tourists suffer from depression and anxiety disorders?
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Yahia Mater AlKhaldi
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93820

Identifying depression symptoms among general population living in conflict zone In Jammu And Kashmir
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Anood Tariq Wani, Tafazzul Hyder Zaidi
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93821

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Stethoscope Disinfection Among Health Care Providers in Karachi
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Kanwal Jamal, Muhammad Waqaruddin Sheroze, Syed Tafazzul Hyder Zaidi, Rabisa Batool,
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93822

Reviews

World Perspective of Divorce in Selected Countries: A Sociological Appraisal
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93823

Parkinson's Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management. Part 2 : Etiology and Pathophysiology
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Abdulrazak Abyad
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93824

Case Study

Anti-TNF-a drug-induced lupus: A Case Report
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Abdulaziz Saad Alshahrani
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93825


Middle East Quality Improvement Program
(MEQUIP QI&CPD)

Chief Editor -
Abdulrazak Abyad MD, MPH, MBA, AGSF, AFCHSE
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Editorial Office -
Abyad Medical Center & Middle East Longevity Institute
Azmi Street, Abdo Center,
PO BOX 618
Tripoli, Lebanon
Phone: (961) 6-443684
Fax:     (961) 6-443685
Email: aabyad@cyberia.net.lb
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Publisher -
Lesley Pocock
medi+WORLD International
AUSTRALIA
Email: lesleypocock@mediworld.com.au
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Editorial Enquiries -
abyad@cyberia.net.lb
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Advertising Enquiries -
lesleypocock@mediworld.com.au
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While all efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this journal, opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Publishers, Editor or the Editorial Board. The publishers, Editor and Editorial Board cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; or the views and opinions expressed. Publication of any advertisements does not constitute any endorsement by the Publishers and Editors of the product advertised.

The contents of this journal are copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Australian Copyright Act, no part of this program may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher.
June 2020 - Volume 18, Issue 6

Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management. Part 2 : Etiology and Pathophysiology


Abdulrazak Abyad

A. Abyad, MD, MPH, MBA, DBA, AGSF , AFCHSE
CEO, Abyad Medical Center, Lebanon.
Chairman, Middle-East Academy for Medicine of Aging
President, Middle East & North Africa Association on Aging & Alzheimer’s
Coordinator, Middle-East Primary Care Research Network
Coordinator, Middle-East Network on Aging

Correspondence:
Dr Abdulrazak Abyad
Email: aabyad@cyberia.net.lb

Received: April2020; Accepted: May 2020; Published: June1, 2020. Citation: Abdulrazak Abyad. Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management Part 2 : Etiology and Pathophysiology. World Family Medicine. 2020; 18(6): 71-80
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93824

Abstract


Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder which involves the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons in particular. The attributes of the cardinal motor are rigidity, bradykinesis, tremor in rest and postural instability. Nonmotor symptoms are normal in the course of the disease both early and late, and include autonomic, neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. Parkinson’s disease has symptoms beyond the nigrostriatal system so it is not shocking that some motor characteristics (such as postural instability) and many non-motor characteristics have a restricted response to dopaminergic medications. The cause is uncertain but there is growing evidence that this could be due to a combination of ecological and hereditary factors. Treatment intends to control the patient’s manifestations by renewing the dopaminergic framework with levodopa or dopamine agonists. Treatment during the early stage of Parkinson’s disease has developed, and studies recommend that dopamine agonist monotherapy may forestall the response fluctuations that are associated with progression of the disease. However, L-dopa therapy remains the most effective treatment available. In the advanced stage, therapy focuses on improving the management of a variety of different health conditions. Successful control of motor activity variability (e.g. “wearing off,” on-off variations, deterioration at night, early morning deterioration and dyskinesias) and psychological issues is frequently conceivable with explicit treatment approaches. Surgical treatment is a possibility for a well-defined patient category. The latest update of Parkinson’s disease will be reviewed fully in eight review papers.

Key words: Parkinson, Etiology, pathophysiology, Genetic, Environment

 







 


 
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