|
|
 |
| ............................................................. |
|
October 2017 -
Volume 15, Issue 8
|
 |
|
View
this issue in pdf formnat - the issue
has been split into two files for downloading
due to its large size: FULLpdf
(12 MB)
Part
1 &
Part
2
|
|
| ........................................................ |
| From
the Editor |
|
Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor) |
........................................................
|
|
Original Contribution/Clinical Investigation
Immunity
level to diphtheria in beta thalassemia patients
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93048
[pdf
version]
Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi, Karamatollah Rahmanian,
Abdolali Sapidkar, Hassan Zabetian, Alireza
Yusefi, Farshid Kafilzadeh, Mohammad Kargar,
Marzieh Jamalidoust,
Abdolhossein Madani
Genetic
Variants of Toll Like Receptor-4 in Patients
with Premature Coronary Artery Disease, South
of Iran
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93049
[pdf
version]
Saeideh Erfanian, Mohammad Shojaei, Fatemeh
Mehdizadeh, Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi, Abdolhossein
Madani, Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
Comparison
of postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing
coronary artery bypass surgery in two groups
taking aspirin and aspirin plus CLS clopidogrel
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93050
[pdf
version]
Ali Pooria, Hassan Teimouri, Mostafa Cheraghi,
Babak Baharvand Ahmadi, Mehrdad Namdari, Reza
Alipoor
Comparison
of lower uterine segment thickness among nulliparous
pregnant women without uterine scar and pregnant
women with previous cesarean section: ultrasound
study
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93051
[pdf version]
Taravat Fakheri, Irandokht Alimohammadi, Nazanin
Farshchian, Maryam Hematti,
Anisodowleh Nankali, Farahnaz Keshavarzi, Soheil
Saeidiborojeni
Effect
of Environmental and Behavioral Interventions
on Physiological and Behavioral Responses of
Premature Neonates Candidates Admitted for Intravenous
Catheter Insertion in Neonatal Intensive Care
Units
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93052
[pdf
version]
Shohreh Taheri, Maryam Marofi, Anahita Masoumpoor,
Malihe Nasiri
Effect
of 8 weeks Rhythmic aerobic exercise on serum
Resistin and body mass index of overweight and
obese women
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93053
[pdf
version]
Khadijeh Molaei, Ahmad Shahdadi, Reza Delavar
Study
of changes in leptin and body mass composition
with overweight and obesity following 8 weeks
of Aerobic exercise
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93054
[pdf
version]
Khadijeh Molaei, Abbas Salehikia
A reassessment
of factor structure of the Short Form Health
Survey (SF-36): A comparative approach
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93088
[pdf version]
Vida Alizad, Manouchehr Azkhosh, Ali Asgari,
Karyn Gonano
Population and Community Studies
Evaluation
of seizures in pregnant women in Kerman - Iran
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93056
[pdf
version]
Hossein Ali Ebrahimi, Elahe Arabpour, Kaveh
Shafeie, Narges Khanjani
Studying
the relation of quality work life with socio-economic
status and general health among the employees
of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
in 2015
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93057
[pdf version]
Hossein Dargahi, Samereh Yaghobian, Seyedeh
Hoda Mousavi, Majid Shekari Darbandi, Soheil
Mokhtari, Mohsen Mohammadi, Seyede Fateme Hosseini
Factors
that encourage early marriage and motherhood
from the perspective of Iranian adolescent mothers:
a qualitative study
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93058
[pdf
version]
Maasoumeh Mangeli, Masoud Rayyani, Mohammad
Ali Cheraghi, Batool Tirgari
The
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Existential Group
Therapy on Reducing Existential Anxiety in the
Elderly
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93059
[pdf
version]
Somayeh Barekati, Bahman Bahmani, Maede Naghiyaaee,
Mahgam Afrasiabi, Roya Marsa
Post-mortem
Distribution of Morphine in Cadavers Body Fluids
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93060
[pdf
version]
Ramin Elmi, Mitra Akbari, Jaber Gharehdaghi,
Ardeshir Sheikhazadi, Saeed Padidar, Shirin
Elmi
Application
of Social Networks to Support Students' Language
Learning Skills in Blended Approach
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93061
[pdf
version]
Fatemeh Jafarkhani, Zahra Jamebozorg, Maryam
Brahman
The
Relationship between Chronic Pain and Obesity:
The Mediating Role of Anxiety
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93062
[pdf
version]
Leila Shateri, Hamid Shamsipour, Zahra Hoshyari,
Elnaz Mousavi, Leila Saleck, Faezeh Ojagh
Implementation
status of moral codes among nurses
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93063
[pdf
version]
Maryam Ban, Hojat Zareh Houshyari Khah, Marzieh
Ghassemi, Sajedeh Mousaviasl, Mohammad Khavasi,
Narjes Asadi, Mohammad Amin Harizavi, Saeedeh
Elhami
The comparison
of quality of life, self-efficacy and resiliency
in infertile and fertile women
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93064
[pdf version]
Mahya Shamsi Sani, Mohammadreza Tamannaeifar
Brain MRI Findings in Children (2-4 years old)
with Autism
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93055
[pdf
version]
Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi, Farah Ashraf Zadeh,
Javad Akhondian, Maryam Hojjati,
Mehdi Momennezhad
Reviews
TECTA gene function and hearing: a review
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93065
[pdf version]
Morteza Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori, Fahimeh Moradi,
Raziyeh Karami-Eshkaftaki,
Samira Asgharzade
Mandibular
canal & its incisive branch: A CBCT study
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93066
[pdf
version]
Sina Haghanifar, Ehsan Moudi, Ali Bijani, Somayyehsadat
Lavasani, Ahmadreza Lameh
The
role of Astronomy education in daily life
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93067
[pdf
version]
Ashrafoalsadat Shekarbaghani
Human brain
functional connectivity in resting-state fMRI
data across the range of weeks
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93068
[pdf version]
Nasrin Borumandnia, Hamid Alavi Majd, Farid
Zayeri, Ahmad Reza Baghestani,
Mohammad Tabatabaee, Fariborz Faegh
International Health Affairs
A
brief review of the components of national strategies
for suicide prevention suggested by the World
Health Organization
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93069
[pdf
version]
Mohsen Rezaeian
Education and Training
Evaluating
the Process of Recruiting Faculty Members in
Universities and Higher Education and Research
Institutes Affiliated to Ministry of Health
and Medical Education in Iran
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93070
[pdf
version]
Abdolreza Gilavand
Comparison
of spiritual well-being and social health among
the students attending group and individual
religious rites
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93071
[pdf
version]
Masoud Nikfarjam, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani,
Abolfazl Khoshdel, Parisa Asmand, Forouzan Ganji
A
Comparative Study of Motivation for Major Choices
between Nursing and Midwifery Students at Bushehr
University of Medical Sciences
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93072
[pdf
version]
Farzaneh Norouzi, Shahnaz Pouladi, Razieh Bagherzadeh
Clinical Research and Methods
Barriers
to the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia:
A qualitative study of critical care nurses'
experiences
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93073
[pdf version]
Fereshteh Rashnou, Tahereh Toulabi, Shirin Hasanvand,
Mohammad Javad Tarrahi
Clinical
Risk Index for Neonates II score for the prediction
of mortality risk in premature neonates with
very low birth weight
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93074
[pdf
version]
Azadeh Jafrasteh, Parastoo Baharvand, Fatemeh
Karami
Effect
of pre-colporrhaphic physiotherapy on the outcomes
of women with pelvic organ prolapse
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93075
[pdf
version]
Mahnaz Yavangi, Tahereh Mahmoodvand, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
The
effect of Hypertonic Dextrose injection on the
control of pains associated with knee osteoarthritis
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93076
[pdf
version]
Mahshid Ghasemi, Faranak Behnaz, Mohammadreza
Minator Sajjadi, Reza Zandi,
Masoud Hashemi
Evaluation
of Psycho-Social Factors Influential on Emotional
Divorce among Attendants to Social Emergency
Services
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93077
[pdf
version]
Farangis Soltanian
Models and Systems of Health Care
Organizational
Justice and Trust Perceptions: A Comparison
of Nurses in public and private hospitals
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93078
[pdf
version]
Mahboobeh Rajabi, Zahra Esmaeli Abdar, Leila
Agoush
Case series and Case reports
Evaluation
of Blood Levels of Leptin Hormone Before and
After the Treatment with Metformin
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93079
[pdf
version]
Elham Jafarpour
Etiology,
Epidemiologic Characteristics and Clinical Pattern
of Children with Febrile Convulsion Admitted
to Hospitals of Germi and Parsabad towns in
2016
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93080
[pdf
version]
Mehri SeyedJavadi, Roghayeh Naseri, Shohreh
Moshfeghi, Irandokht Allahyari, Vahid Izadi,
Raheleh Mohammadi,
Faculty development
The
comparison of the effect of two different teaching
methods of role-playing and video feedback on
learning Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93081
[pdf
version]
Yasamin Hacham Bachari, Leila Fahkarzadeh, Abdol
Ali Shariati
Office based family medicine
Effectiveness
of Group Counseling With Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy Approach on Couples' Marital Adjustment
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93082
[pdf
version]
Arash Ziapour, Fatmeh Mahmoodi, Fatemeh Dehghan,
Seyed Mehdi Hoseini Mehdi Abadi,
Edris Azami, Mohsen Rezaei
|
|
Chief
Editor -
Abdulrazak
Abyad
MD, MPH, MBA, AGSF, AFCHSE
.........................................................
Editorial
Office -
Abyad Medical Center & Middle East Longevity
Institute
Azmi Street, Abdo Center,
PO BOX 618
Tripoli, Lebanon
Phone: (961) 6-443684
Fax: (961) 6-443685
Email:
aabyad@cyberia.net.lb
.........................................................
Publisher
-
Lesley
Pocock
medi+WORLD International
11 Colston Avenue,
Sherbrooke 3789
AUSTRALIA
Phone: +61 (3) 9005 9847
Fax: +61 (3) 9012 5857
Email:
lesleypocock@mediworld.com.au
.........................................................
Editorial
Enquiries -
abyad@cyberia.net.lb
.........................................................
Advertising
Enquiries -
lesleypocock@mediworld.com.au
.........................................................
While all
efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy
of the information in this journal, opinions
expressed are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of The Publishers,
Editor or the Editorial Board. The publishers,
Editor and Editorial Board cannot be held responsible
for errors or any consequences arising from
the use of information contained in this journal;
or the views and opinions expressed. Publication
of any advertisements does not constitute any
endorsement by the Publishers and Editors of
the product advertised.
The contents
of this journal are copyright. Apart from any
fair dealing for purposes of private study,
research, criticism or review, as permitted
under the Australian Copyright Act, no part
of this program may be reproduced without the
permission of the publisher.
|
|
|
| October 2017 -
Volume 15, Issue 8 |
|
|
Study of changes in leptin
and body mass composition with overweight and
obesity following 8 weeks of Aerobic exercise
Khadijeh Molaei (1)
Abbas Salehikia (2)
(1) Master in Sport Physiology,
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
Sistan Baluchestan University (pardis) of Zahedan,
Zahedan, Iran(2) Assistant Professor in sport
physiology, faculty of Physical Education and
sport Sciences, Sistan Baluchestan University
of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
Correspondence:
Khadijeh Molaei
Master in Sport Physiology,
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
Sistan Baluchestan University (pardis) of Zahedan,
Zahedan, Iran
Email: molaeikhadijeh@gmail.com
|
Abstract
Introduction:
Obesity
causes diseases such as coronary artery
disease, mellitus diabetes, hypertension,
cancer and stroke. The purpose of this
study is to investigate changes in leptin
and body mass composition in women with
overweight and obesity after 8 weeks of
aerobic exercise.
Method: The
research method is semi-experimental.
34 women with overweight and obesity (40
± 10 years, 25 BMI) volunteered
and were randomly divided into experimental
(17) and control (n = 17) groups. The
training group started an 8-week training
session with three sessions per week (51
minutes for each session) with 66% maximum
heart rate in the first week and gradually
reached 86% of the maximum heart rate
with the progression of the training program.
Each training session included warming
up; the main part of the exercise included
the implementation of low impact and high
impact aerobic movements, in the standing
position and back to the original sitting
position. The control group was asked
to maintain their normal life during the
study period. Blood samples were taken
in two phases: one was taken 48 hours
before the tests and the other was taken
48 hours after the last aerobic training
session. Serum leptin concentrationwas
calculated using ELISA method using special
kit. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine
the consistency and normality of the information
about the subjects in the research groups.
For analyzing the data and considering
the intra-group differences, the paired
t-test was used and covariance test was
used at the significance level of P0.05
to investigate the inter-group differences
between the groups. SPSS 21 was used to
perform statistical calculations.
Results: Data
analysis showed that 8-weekly sport exercises
had a significant effect on BMI (P = 0.001),
body weight (P = 0.000), and leptin (P
= 0.001).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can lead
to weight loss and leptin. This exercise
can be used as a non-invasive way to treat
obesity and prevent its complications.
Key words: Leptin,
Body Mass Index, Aerobic exercise, overweight
|
The global spread of obesity is seen in all
age groups, so that about 250 million people
who are about 7% of the world’s current
population are obese and two to three times
of this amount are overweight (1). According
to the World Health Organization reports, the
number of obese and overweight people will increase
by about 1.5 billion in 2015 (2). The prevalence
of abdominal obesity in Brazil, France and the
United States is reported to be 39.2%, 33.3%
and more than 50 % respectively (3.1). Studies
in different cities of Iran indicate a high
prevalence of abdominal obesity in the population,
so that the prevalence of abdominal obesity
in these cities is as below: Tehran (over 76%),
Rafsanjan (54.7%), Isfahan (84.6%), Arak (66.8%),
Najaf Abad (82.2%) and Mazandaran province (82.2%)
(4-6). Published statistics by the Institute
for Endocrine Sciences and Metabolism of Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and
Health Services showed that the prevalence of
abdominal obesity increased from from 67.1%
to 83.1% in the years 2002- 2009 (7).
The discovery of leptin hormone in 1995 has
led to advances in obesity research. Leptin
that is produced by the ob-gene is a protein
hormone that is composed of 129 amino acids
with a molecular weight of 16 kDa (8-9). This
hormone is mainly secreted from adipose tissue
and plays an important role in regulating body
weight and energy homeostasis in the body. Leptin
is actually an alert mechanism for regulating
body fat. The higher adipose tissue contains
more leptin and the lower adipose tissue secretes
less leptin (8).
Laboratory studies are under way to better
understand the function of leptin. Part of this
research is the study of the effects of exercise
on leptin levels. Several studies have shown
that low-fat diet and physical exercise lower
blood levels of leptin (9) and since regular
body exercises play a crucial role in losing
weight and body fat, if leptin levels are affected
by exercise, it can explain how exercise affects
obesity. Also, those who exercise regularly
achieve better weight stability and metabolic
fitness (1). Individuals who perform a particular
exercise receive better results in reducing
bodily mass than those who do not follow specific
exercise (11). Leptin is associated with increased
energy intake, reduced appetite and increased
body temperature (12). In addition, leptin density
significantly correlates with body mass index
(BMI) and body fat percentage (12).
Limited studies have been conducted on leptin
and have reported different outcomes. Azizi
(2011) examined 8 weeks of running on a treadmill
with an intensity of 65-85% maximum heart rate
and reported that the leptin level significantly
decreased in the training group but this decrease
was not significant in comparison with the control
group (13). Also, Akbarpour (2013) showed that
12 weeks of aerobic training on obese men with
cardiovascular disease resulted in a significant
decrease in leptin in the experimental group
compared to the control group (14). Hejazi et
al. (2014) investigated the effects of leptin
changes after 12 weeks of aerobic training,
which was performed 3 days a week and with an
intensity of 75-65% of the heart rate in obese
middle-aged women. They reported that exercise
significantly decreased leptin (15). While Weltman
et al. (2000) noted that a high intensity exercise
session does not change the amount of leptin
in the blood (16).
This contradiction in research results can
be influenced by various factors such as the
amount of fat and its distribution, inflammatory
conditions, hormones and other factors, including
the type and intensity of exercise. Therefore,
more research is needed for understanding the
mechanisms that control the synthesis and release
of leptin and in clarifying the role of leptin
better. Thus, according to little research done
on the effect of long-term exercise on serum
leptin levels and also given the importance
of examining this new adipokin in obese people
and the increasing interest of women in aerobic
exercise, the aim of this study is to evaluate
the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on
resting levels of leptin and lipid profiles
in overweight and obese women.
After distributing recall papers, among women,
34 overweight and obese women were selected
voluntarily and available from Zahedan on the
basis of entry and exit criteria. The criteria
for entering the study were: having overweight
and obesity of BMI 25 and a minimum age of 30
years and a maximum age of 50 years. Also, the
criteria for leaving the research were: 1- Cardiovascular
disease, severe hypertension, type 1 diabetes
mellitus, thyroid-related diseases, 2- drug
use, 3- smoking and alcohol consumption 4. Non-participation
in any regular exercise during past 6 months.
Samples should not have any particular diet
at the time of the research. Due to the experimental
nature of research and observance of ethical
issues, at first, the consent form of participation
in the research and the medical records questionnaire
were completed by the subjects. Then subjects
were randomly divided into two groups of training
(17 people) and control (17 people). The training
group participated in an 8-week training program
and three sessions per week, while the control
group was asked to maintain their normal life
during the study period.
Aerobic exercise program included 8 weeks aerobic
training, 3 sessions per week and 51 minutes
each session which started with 66% of maximum
heart rate in the first week and gradually increased
to 86% of the heart rate with the progression
of the exercise program. Each training session
consisted of warming up (stretching and running
slowly for 11 minutes), the main part of the
exercise included performing low impact and
high-impact aerobic exercises (41 minutes) in
standing position and returning to the initial
state in sitting position (11 minutes). It should
be noted that the control group did not attend
any regular exercise at any time during the
course of the research. The maximum heart rate
of the participants in the exercise group was
calculated using the Pollard pulse rate. The
exercise protocol was carried out in a covered
sports hall with proper ventilation and it was
the same for all 8 weeks in terms of temperature
and operating hours.
Blood samples were taken in two stages; one
was taken 48 hours before the tests, and the
other was taken 48 hours after the last aerobic
exercise session in order to eliminate the effect
of the exercise, in the laboratory between 5:00
and 8:00 am in a fasting state. Serum vaspin
concentration and lipid profile was measured
by ELISA method and by using a special kit of
Human LEPTIN of EASTBIOPHARM Company according
to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Shapiro-Wilk’s test was used to determine
the consistency and normality of the information
about the subjects of the research groups. In
order to analyze the data, paired t-test was
used to examine the intra-group differences
and to examine the inter-group differences between
research groups; covariance test was used at
a significant level of P0.05. SPSS 21 was used
to perform statistical calculations.
As
shown
in
Table
1,
subjects
prior
to
the
implementation
of
the
research
protocol
did
not
have
a
significant
difference
in
terms
of
age,
weight,
and
composition
of
the
body.
Data
analysis
showed
that
8-weekly
exercise
had
a
significant
effect
on
BMI
(P
=
0.001),
body
weight
(P
=
0/000),
and
leptin
(P
=
0.001).
|
DISCUSSION
AND
CONCLUSION
|
The
main
findings
of
this
study
were
significant
reduction
in
serum
leptin
levels,
BMI
and
weight
in
overweight
and
obese
women.
Exercise
affects
body
composition,
and
carbohydrate
and
fat
metabolism,
and
considering
the
effect
of
exercise
activities
on
serum
leptin
levels
in
energy
balance
and
glucose
hemostasis
is
very
important
(17).
In
confirmation
of
the
present
study
findings,
some
studies
that
have
improved
body
readiness
level
and
have
an
effect
on
body
composition,
have
reduced
serum
leptin
(17).
The
size
of
the
fat
mass,
especially
the
abdominal
fat,
plays
a
special
role
in
the
level
of
blood
leptin.
In
obese
people,
elevation
of
adipose
tissue
was
associated
with
increased
leptin
and
increased
leptin
resistance
(18).
Of
course,
in
one
study,
after
60
minutes
of
aerobic
exercise
activity
for
7
weeks,
no
significant
changes
were
observed
in
the
level
of
blood
leptin
(19).
These
findings
were
also
observed
in
some
other
studies
with
different
intensity
and
duration
of
training
periods
(16).
Fataru
et
al.
(2005)
stated
that
6
months
of
exercise
(3
days
a
week)
would
lead
to
a
decrease
in
blood
leptin,
with
a
decrease
in
subcutaneous
fat
and
body
mass
index
which
is
consistent
with
the
findings
of
the
present
study
(18).
Gökbel
et
al.
(2009)
indicated
that
leptin
concentration
significantly
decreased
in
long
term
aerobic
exercise
immediately
after
exercise,
24
and
48
hours
after
exercise,
and
in
the
re-initiation
period
(20).
Oazaki
et
al.
(2010)
also
investigated
the
effect
of
moderate-intensity
aerobic
exercise
(50%
maximal
oxygen
consumption)
and
diet
for
1
week
on
fat
loss
and
leptin
concentrations
in
non-active
obese
and
non-obese
middle-aged
women.
Based
on
these
findings,
leptin
concentration
and
fat
mass
decreased,
but
decrease
in
leptin
concentration
was
not
associated
with
weight
loss
(21).
However,
Bijeh
et
al.
(2009)
did
not
observe
significant
changes
in
body
weight
and
body
mass
index
and
blood
leptin
levels
by
assessing
the
effect
of
6
months
of
aerobic
exercise
on
leptin
level,
cortisol,
and
insulin
and
serum
glucose
in
middle-aged
lean
women.
The
reason
for
this
discrepancy
can
be
that
regular
physical
activity
is
likely
to
reduce
serum
leptin
levels
if
the
body
mass
index
is
significantly
reduced.
In
short,
the
decrease
in
the
concentration
of
leptin
after
long-term
exercises
(more
than
60
minutes)
is
assigned
to
overnight
leptin
reduction
and
hormonal
changes
due
to
exercise.
Extremely
long
exercises
that
caused
significant
energy
imbalances,
affected
periodical
and
overnight
Leptin
changes
(23).
However,
the
effect
of
leptin
on
physical
activity
and
the
return
period
to
initial
state
is
still
unknown.
There
are
some
reasons
that
can
explain
the
changes
in
the
response
of
leptin
to
physical
activity
(17).
Regarding
all
of
these,
it
is
believed
that
sports
activities
can
play
an
important
role
in
energy
costs
due
to
several
factors,
including
weight
loss
and
also
can
alter
the
response
of
leptin
by
effecting
on
hormonal
concentrations
(insulin,
cortisol,
growth
hormone,
catecholamine
and
testosterone)
and
metabolites
(free
fatty
acid,
lactic
acid,
and
triglycerides)
Type
of
exercise
is
one
of
the
factors
influencing
leptin
levels
(24).
Long-term
mild
activity
that
consumes
900
kilocalories
of
energy,
reduces
leptin
concentrations
for
more
than
2
days
after
exercise,
while
high-intensity
short-term
activity
with
an
energy
consumption
of
approximately
200
kcal
has
no
effect
on
leptin
levels
(24).
The
amount
of
exercise
activity
can
have
a
significant
effect
on
the
levels
of
leptin,
which
is
independent
of
the
effects
of
exercise
on
the
balance
of
energy
(24).
The
duration
of
exercise
is
one
of
the
important
determinants
of
severity
that
affects
serum
leptin
levels
(25).
Studies
are
focused
on
leptin
and
short-term
exercise.
The
severity
and
duration
of
activity,
the
nutritional
status
of
individuals,
the
hours
of
blood
transfusion,
the
caloric
imbalance,
the
cyclic
rhythm
of
leptin,
etc.
are
affected
by
exercise
(26).
People
with
higher
degrees
of
obesity
are
more
resistant
against
leptin
and
therefore
require
a
greater
amount
of
exercise
to
affect
leptin
levels
(27).
In
summary,
it
may
be
said
that
aerobic
exercise
may
be
a
suitable
treatment
for
obesity
and
additionally
if
diet
is
used
properly,
it
will
have
more
beneficial
effects.
1.
Speiser
PW,
Rudolf
MC,
Anhalt
H,
Hubner
CC.
On
Behalf
of
the
Obesity
Consensus
Working
Group:
Childhood
Obesity.
J
Clin
Endoc
Metab
2005;90:1871-7.
2.
Kumanyika
SK,
Obarzanek
E,
Stettler
N,
Bell
R,
Field
AE,
Fortmann
SP
et
al.
Population
based
prevention
of
obesity
the
need
for
comprehensive
promotion
of
healthful
eating,
physical
activity,
and
energy
balance.
A
scientific
statement
from
American
Heart
Association
council
on
epidemiology
and
prevention,
interdisciplinary
committee
for
prevention.
Circulation
2008;118:428-64.
3.
Holcomb
CA,
Heim
DL,
Loughin
TM.
Physical
activity
minimizes
the
association
of
body
fatness
with
abdominal
obesity
in
white,
premenopausal
women.
Results
from
the
Third
National
Health
and
Nutrition
Examination
Survey.
J
Am
Diet
Assoc
2004;
104:1859-62.
4.
Heshmat
R,
Fakhrzadeh
H,
Pourebrahim
R,
Nouri
M,
Pajouhi
M.
[Evaluation
of
Obesity
and
Overweight
and
Their
Changes
Pattern
Among
25-64
Aged
Inhabitants
of
Tehran
University
of
Medical
Sciences
Population
LAB
Region.]
Iran
J
Diabetes
Lipid
Disord
2004;
3:
63-70.
(Persian)
5.
Akhavan
Tabib
A,
Kelishadie
R,
Sadri
G,
Sabet
B,
Toluei
HR,
Baghaei
A.
[Heathy
heart
program:
obesity
in
center
of
Iran.]
J
Qazvin
Uni
Med
Sci
2003;
7:
27-35.
(Persian)
6.
Hajian
K,
Hiedari
B.
[Prevalence
of
abdominal
obesity
in
a
population
aged
20
to
70
years
in
urban
Mazandaran
(Northern
Iran,
2004).]
J
Clin
Endoc
Metab
2006;
8:147-56.
(Persian)
7.
Azizi
F,
Azadbakht
L,
Mirmiran
P.
[Trends
in
overweight,
obesity,
and
central
obesity
among
adults
residing
in
district
13
of
Tehran:
Tehran
Lipid
and
Glucose
Study.]
J
Facult
Med
2005;
29:
129-32.
(Persian).
8.
Pérusse
L,
Collier
G,
Gagnon
J,
Leon
AS,
Rao
D,
Skinner
JS,
et
al.
Acute
and
chronic
effects
of
exercise
on
leptin
levels
in
humans.
Journal
of
Applied
Physiology
1997;83(1):5-10.
9.
Kraemer
RR,
Durand
RJ,
Acevedo
EO,
Johnson
LG,
Synovitz
LB,
Kraemer
GR,
et
al.
Effects
of
high-intensity
exercise
on
leptin
and
testosterone
concentrations
in
well-trained
males.
Endocrine.
2003;21(3):261-5.
10.
Volpe
SL,
Kobusingye
H,
Bailur
S,
Stanek
E.
Effect
of
diet
and
exercise
on
body
composition,
energy
intake
and
leptin
levels
in
overweight
women
and
men.
J
Am
Coll
Nutr
2008;
27(2):
195-208.
11.
Olive
JL,
Miller
GD.
Differential
effects
of
maximal-
and
moderate-intensity
runs
on
plasma
leptin
in
healthy
trained
subjects.
Nutrition
2001;
17(5):
365-9.
12.
Irandoost
KH,
Rahmaninia
F,
Mohebi
H,
Mirzaei
B,
Hassannia
S.
The
effect
of
aerobic
exercise
on
plasma
gherlin
and
leptin
in
obese
and
with
normal
weight
women.
Olympic
J
2010;
18(2):
87-99.
13.
Masoumeh
Azizi,
The
effect
of
8-weeks
aerobic
exercise
training
on
serum
LEPTIN
in
un-trained
females.
Procedia
Social
and
Behavioral
Sciences
15
(2011)
1630–1634.
14.
M.
Akbarpour,
THE
EFFECT
OF
AEROBIC
TRAINING
ON
SERUM
ADIPONECTIN
AND
LEPTIN
LEVELS
AND
INFLAMMATORY
MARKERS
OF
CORONARY
HEART
DISEASE
IN
OBESE
MEN,
Biol
Sport.
2013
Mar;
30(1):
21–27.
15.
Mahmdou
Hejazi,
Zeynab
Nezamdoost,
Dr
Marziyeh
Saghebjoo,
Effect
of
Twelve
Weeks
of
Aerobic
Training
on
Serum
Levels
of
Leptin,
Vaspin
and
Some
Indicators
of
Oxidative
Stress
in
Obese
Middle-Aged
Women,
IJEM,
Volume
16,
Number
2
(7-2014).
16.Weltman
A.,
Pritzlaff
C.J.,
Wideman
L.,
Considine
R.V.,
Fryburg
D.A.,
Gutgesell
M.E.,
Hartman
M.L.,
Veldhuis
J.D.
(2000)
Intensity
of
acute
exercise
does
not
affect
serum
leptin
concentrations
in
young
men.
Medicine
and
Science
in
Sports
and
Exercise
32,
1556-1561.
17.
Bouassida
A,
Zalleg
D,
Bouassida
S,
Zaouali
M,
Feki
Y,
Zbidi
A,
et
al.
Leptin,
its
implication
in
physical
exercise
and
training:
a
short
review.
J
Sports
Sci
Med
2006;
5:
172-81.
18.
Fatouros
IG,
Tournis
S,
Leontsini
D,
Jamutas
A,
Sxina
M,
Thomakos
P.
Leptin
and
adiponectin
responses
in
overweight
inactive
elderly
following
resistance
training
and
detraining
are
intensity
related.
J
Clin
Endocrinol
Metab
2005;
90:
5970-7.
19.
Essig
D,
Alderson
N,
Ferguson
M,
Burtoli
W,
Durstine
L.
Delayed
effects
of
exercise
on
the
plasma
leptin
concentration.
Metabolism
2000;
49:
395-9.
20.
Gökbel
H,
Baltaci
AK,
Uçok
K,
Okudan
N,
Mogulkoç
R.
Changes
in
serum
leptin
levels
in
strenuous
exercise
and
its
relation
to
zinc
deficiency
in
rats.
Biol
Trace
Elem
Res
2005;
106:
47-52.
21.
Okazaki
T,
Himeno
H,
Nanri
H,
Ogata
M,
Ikeda
M.
Effects
of
mild
aerobic
exercise
and
a
mild
hypocaloric
diet
on
plasma
leptin
in
sedentary
women.
Clin
Exp
Pharmacol
Physiol
1999;
26:
415-20.
22.
Bijeh
N,
Moazami
M,
Ahmadi
A,
Samadpour
F,
Zabihi
A.
Effect
of
6
months
of
aerobic
exercise
training
on
serum
leptin,
cortisol,
insulin
and
glucose
levels
in
thin
middle-aged
women.
Olympic
2012;
16:
53-9.
23.
Fisher
JS,
Van
Pelt
RE,
Zinder
O,
Landt
M,
Kohrt
WM.
Acute
exercise
effect
on
post
absorptive
serum
leptin.
J
Appl
Physiol
(1985)
2001;
91:
680-6.
24.
Lowndes
J,
Zoeller
RF,
Caplan
JD,
Kyriazis
GA,
Moyna
NM,
Seip
RL,
et
al.
Leptin
responses
to
long-term
cardiorespiratory
exercise
training
without
concomitant
weight
loss:
A
prospective
study.
J
Sports
Med
Phys
Fitness.
2008;48:391-7.
25.
Kohrt
WM,
Landt
M,
Birge
SJ.
Serum
leptin
levels
are
reduced
in
response
to
exercise
training,
but
not
hormone
replacement
therapy,
in
older
women.
J
Clin
Endocrinol
Metab.
1996;81:3980-5.
26.
Hayase
H,
Nomura
S,
Abe
T,
Isawa
T.
Relation
between
fat
distribution
and
several
plasma
adipocytokines
after
exercise
training
in
premenopausal
and
postmenopausal
women.
J
Physiol
Anthropol
Appl
Human
Sci.
2002;21:105-13.
27.
Hickey
MS,
Considine
RV,
Israel
RG,
Mahar
TL,
Mc
Cammon
MR,
Tyndall
GL,
et
al.
Leptin
is
related
to
body
fat
content
in
male
distance
runners.
Am
J
Physiol
Endocrinol
Metab.
1996;271:938-40.
|
|
.................................................................................................................
|
| |
|
