Mediating role of irrational
beliefs in the relationship between the quality
of family communication and marital satisfaction
Parisa Janjani (1,2)
Khodamorad Momeni (3)
Alireza Rai (1)
Mohammad Reza Saidi (1)
(1) Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
(2) PhD Student of Psychology, College of Social
Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
(3) Department of Psychology, College of Social
Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Correspondence:
Alireza Rai,
Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
Phone: +989126440916
Email: raialireza@yahoo.com
Abstract
Introduction: Considering
the importance of the family institution
and that marital satisfaction plays the
most important role in sustainability
of marital life, this study aimed to investigate
the mediating role of irrational beliefs
in the relationship between family relationship
quality and marital satisfaction.
Material and
Methods: It was a correlation exploratory
research. The statistical population of
the study included employee women in Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences. 250 samples
were available selected. Questionnaire
by McKeon Family Crisis Assessment, Irrational
Beliefs Questionnaire and Enrich Marital
Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to
collect the required data. Data were analyzed
using SPSS-19 software and descriptive
statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient
and path analysis.
Results:
The results of this study suggested a
positive relationship between quality
of family communication and marital satisfaction.
Also, the results showed a negative relationship
between irrational beliefs and marital
satisfaction. Other results reported a
significant direct relation between irrational
beliefs and family movement for achieving
help for marital satisfaction as 0.19
and -0.21, respectively, and there was
a direct correlation between passive evaluation
and irrational beliefs as 0.24, in which
the coefficients were significant at level
p<0.01, however no direct and significant
relationships were found between other
variables in the study.
Conclusion:
Irrational beliefs to the relationship
between the quality of family communication
and marital satisfaction act as a mediator,
and can be an advocate of family counseling
in pre-marital counseling and marital
interventions.
Key words:
Irrational beliefs, family relationship
quality, marital satisfaction, women
|
Family has been introduced as an institution
or social institution, which results from a
marriage between men and women. Healthy, constructive
engagement between humans and the establishment
of love to others and the intimacy to one another
are some examples of manifestations of human
social life. An individuals satisfaction
with marital life is considered as family satisfaction,
which in turn guarantees the concept of life
satisfaction, and facilitates the growth and
excellence, and material and spiritual progress
of society. Marital relationship has been described
as the most important human relationship, since
it provides the initial structure for establishing
a family relationship and educating the future
generation (1). Marital satisfaction is the
most important and a complex aspect of a marital
relationship. In other words, one of the vital
aspects of a marital system is the satisfaction
that spouses feel and experience in their relationship
(2). The term marital satisfaction refers to
the general satisfaction with the close marital
relationship, and the satisfied couples are
couples who show a great deal of agreement,
are satisfied with the type and level of their
relationship, are satisfied with the type and
quality of their leisure time and apply good
management in time and financial issues(3).
Increasing the problems, dissatisfaction and
marital incompatibility, increasing rate of
divorce and its adverse consequences over the
recent years have highlighted the importance
of couples relationships. In this regard,
one of the most effective approaches in researching
and recognizing the roots and causes of communication
problems is the rational-emotional-behavioral
view. In this perspective, attention is paid
to perceptions, beliefs, thoughts, expectations
and beliefs of the individual and their effects
on everyday behaviors. Ellis (1987), a rationalist-emotional-behavioral
theorist, considered illnesses and mental disorders
resulting from misconceptions, false beliefs
and beliefs, and wrong attitudes. In his opinion,
irrational beliefs are the main cause of disagreements
in social relations, especially in couples
relationships. According to statistics reported
among incompatible couples (4), misunderstandings,
irrational and absolutist beliefs were more
frequent (approximately 60%) than other factors,
since irrational beliefs were known as exaggerated,
inflexible, absolute, and unrealistic. Bernstein
(1989) also emphasizes that much evidence points
to the fact that cognitive mechanisms affect
marital adjustment and satisfaction; therefore,
marital life is not immune to irrational beliefs(5).
Also another researcher showed that irrational
beliefs were a known factor in marital conflicts
and irrational beliefs were positively associated
with various types of distress, such as general
distress, anxiety, depression, anger, and guilt
(6). Fincham, Beach and Davila (2004) have shown
that the conflict resolution style and the ability
to develop emotions and feelings in the first
5 years of marital life were considered as important
factors in marital satisfaction(7). Couples
agreement on communicative styles, emotional
expressions, sexual relations, leisure, and
house hold chores were known to be influential
among other important factors in marital affairs
(8, 9, 10). Another important factor in marital
satisfaction is how to communicate. Effective
communication has a prominent role in marital
relationships (11). Communication in the family
uses the mechanisms of the family to share their
preferences, needs and feelings. Communication
is considered as the next facilitator and dynamic
dimension of family system, which plays a vital
role in helping the family to move towards the
coherence and flexibility of the family so that
Lewis and Spanier (1979), reviewing research
in three decades of 1950 to 1970, concluded
that communication skills were positively related
to the quality of marriage (12). Positive communication
facilitates movement at different levels of
the family organization, while the lack of communication
skills or negative relationships prevents the
family system from changing levels of cohesion
and flexibility. Therefore, proper communication
can play a key role in preventing the collapse
of the family system in times of crisis and
difficulty (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18). Since the
family is known as one of the main institutions
of the society and the main guardian of the
growth and development of their couples and
their children, helping couples to improve couples
and their children, marital relationships have
been taken into consideration through various
methods of treatment during recent years. It
is necessary to help couples to solve marital
problems through identifying the reasons and
factors affecting marital dissatisfaction and
satisfaction. Considering the essential role
of marital relations on the concept of mental
health, identification of effective factors
in marital satisfaction can be considered as
an important step in marital relationships.
On the other hand, the increase in divorce rates
in motivational societies has led researchers
to find effective factors in marital satisfaction
and stability. According to the discussion above,
the present study aimed to investigate the mediating
role of irrational beliefs in relationship of
quality of family communication and marital
satisfaction.
It was a correlation exploratory research.
The samples of the study included employed women
in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
where 250 samples were available and selected
according to their availability. They participated
in the study on their own free will.
Inclusion criteria: Married women, women who
did not have a history of mental illness and
chronic physical illness, women who had not
yet been referred to the judicial authorities.
Exclusion criteria: people who had not the
desire to continue cooperation
The questionnaires used in this study were
demographic questionnaire, Jones irrational
beliefs questionnaire, Family Injury Family
Valuation Scale and Enrich Marital Satisfaction
Quiz.
Joness irrational beliefs questionnaire.
The irrational beliefs questionnaire was based
on Elliss (1962) theory in 1969 and developed
by Jones (19). It includes ten scales. Each
scale contains ten questions. A five-point Likert
scale was used to grade the responses, and respondents
determine their degree of agreement or opposition
according to the degrees. A special key is made
for each scale. In any scale, the higher the
score, the more illogical the severity of the
belief is. The total score of the individual
in the questions of each sub-scale is calculated,
and the sum of all subscales or the total score
of irrational beliefs is achieved (20). Using
test-retest method, Jones (1969) demonstrated
the reliability of the test as 0.92, and the
reliability of each of its sub-scales were reported
from 0.66 to 0.80. In Iran, it was reported
the reliability of the test on a student sample
of Allameh Tabatabai University students
by Cronbachs alpha to be 0.71 (20, 21).
In this study, Cronbachs alpha 0.81 was
obtained.
Family crisis oriented personal evaluation
scale (F-COPES). This scale was developed by
McCubbin, Larsen and Olson in 1981 to measure
family adaptation and problem-solving. F-COPES
is a 30-item tool consisting of 5 sub-scales:
a. acquiring social support, b. cognitive reframing,
c. spiritual social support, d. mobilizing the
family to acquire help, e. passive evaluation
(22). This 5-point Likert scale ranged from
strongly agree for 5, and strongly opposed for
1. This scale was performed on 27-40 respondents
in the first assessment and then was divided
into two groups, which were identified by factor
analysis on these five subscales and Cronbachs
alpha was calculated for each subscale with
general scores of 0.86 and 0.87 for the first
group and the second group, respectively. T
McCubbin et al (1982) suggested the retest of
reliability to be 0.61 (reframing) to 0.95 (spiritual
social support) with a four-week interval. In
their study (23). Blake and Darling (2000) investigated
life quality along with data analyses for the
given scales where Cronbachs alpha 0.81
was reported (24). Also, Seidi & et al (2011)
suggested Cronbachs alpha coefficient
0.81 for general subscale; the highest coefficient
for the social support access was reported as
0.80 and the lowest coefficient for passive
evaluation was 0.43(13).
Enrich Marital Satisfaction questionnaire (short
form). The questionnaire was used to measure
marital satisfaction. The questionnaire was
developed by Olson et al. (1978, 1987) which
included 115 questions and 12 scales. Soleimanian
(1994) provided a short form of this questionnaire
which included 47 items and its reliability
was investigated calculating Cronbach alpha
0.95 through testing 11 respondents (25). The
present study made use of Soleimanian short
form with 47 items. Olson (1989) reported the
reliability of the questionnaire with an alpha
coefficient of 0.95. Calculating the alpha coefficient
of the short form questionnaire, Soleimanian
(1997) reported the reliability of 0.95 (26).
Sanaiee (2008) stated that alpha coefficient
for Enrich questionnaire suggested in Olson
et al.s report for both contractual response
scales, marital satisfaction, personal issues,
marital relationship, conflict resolution, financial
monitoring, leisure activities, sexual relations,
marriage and kids, roles for equality between
women and men were 0.9, 0.81, 0.72, 0.68, 0.75,
0.74, 0.76, 0.48, 0.77, 0.72, and 0.71, respectively(27).
Alidadi Thaeme et al (2014) suggested Cronbach
alpha 0.95 for the test(28).
Obtaining permission from the University of
Medical Sciences and explaining the research
objectives for the participants, questionnaires
were provided to them, and the participants
responded to the questions individually. In
this study, only married women who did not have
a history of mental or physical illness and
did not intend to divorce were included, and
women who refused to complete the questionnaire
were excluded and the questionnaire was delivered
to another potential sample. Collecting data,
data were analyzed by SPSS-19 software using
descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation
coefficient and path analysis.
Table
1
shows
mean,
standard
deviation
and
Pearson
correlation
coefficient
of
zero-order
two
by
two
variables
under
study.
The
hypotheses
related
to
simple
relationships
between
variables
were
investigated
based
on
Pearson
correlation
coefficients.
The
results
suggested
a
positive
relationship
between
qualities
of
family
communication
with
marital
satisfaction.
Also,
the
results
showed
a
negative
relationship
between
irrational
beliefs
and
marital
satisfaction.
Table
3
shows
the
fitting
characteristics
of
the
model.
NFI
and
CFI
indices
equal
one
or
are
close
to
1,
and
the
RMSEA
index,
which
is
one
of
the
important
indicators
in
fitting
the
hypothesized
model,
is
less
than
0.05,
indicating
a
high
utility
of
the
hypothesized
model.
In
this
model,
irrational
beliefs
could
play
a
mediator
role
between
the
quality
of
family
communication
and
marital
satisfaction.
The
path
analysis
was
used
to
analyze
the
mediation
role
of
irrational
beliefs
in
the
relationship
between
qualities
of
family
communication
and
marital
satisfaction.
The
results
showed
that
there
is
a
significant
direct
relation
between
irrational
beliefs
and
family
movement
for
obtaining
marital
satisfaction,
-0.21
and
0.19
respectively,
and
there
was
a
direct
relation
between
passive
evaluation
and
irrational
beliefs,
0.24,
which
were
significant
at
p
<0.01.
However,
there
was
no
direct
and
significant
relationship
reported
between
the
other
variables
in
the
study.
Table
3
suggests
the
standard
and
non-standard
coefficients
between
variables.
The
results
of
the
study
showed
that
the
standard
coefficient
of
difficulty
in
passive
evaluation,
spiritual
social
support,
cognitive
reframing,
acquiring
social
support,
and
mobilizing
the
family
to
acquire
help
with
marital
satisfaction
through
irrational
beliefs
were
0.43,
0.39
,
0.05,
0.04
and
0.08,
respectively,
which
were
significant
at
p
<0.01.
Clcik
gere
for
Table
1:
Average,
standard
deviation
and
correlation
matrix
among
variables
Table
2:
Fitness
fitting
indicators
for
a
given
model
Click
here
for
Figure
1:
Standardized
Factor
Paths
(Factor
Load)
for
direct
effects
of
the
probabilistic
model
variables.
The
mediating
role
of
irrational
beliefs
in
relationship
between
the
quality
of
family
relations
and
marital
affiliation
Table
3:
Standard
and
non-standard
coefficients
among
variables
Table
4:
Standard
and
non-standard
coefficients
between
variables
*p<
.01
DISCUSSION
AND
CONCLUSION |
The
present
study
aimed
to
explain
the
mediating
role
of
irrational
beliefs
in
the
relationship
between
family
quality
of
life
and
marital
satisfaction.
Marital
satisfaction
is
the
most
important
factor
for
the
sustainability
and
durability
of
common
life,
and
it
is
essential
to
recognize
the
factors
affecting
it
to
improve
quality
of
marital
satisfaction.
The
results
of
this
study
showed
that
irrational
beliefs
can
play
a
mediator
role
in
relation
to
the
quality
of
family
communication
and
marital
satisfaction.
And
the
variables
of
family
movement
to
acquire
support
and
irrational
beliefs
are
directly
predictive
of
marital
satisfaction.
So
far,
no
research
in
Iran
and
other
countries
investigated
the
mediating
role
of
irrational
beliefs
in
the
relationship
between
the
variables
of
family
quality
(acquiring
social
support,
cognitive
reframing,
spiritual
social
support,
mobilizing
the
family
to
acquire
help,
passive
evaluation)
and
marital
satisfaction.
However,
several
studies
have
evaluated
the
relationship
between
irrational
beliefs
and
marital
relationships.
For
example,
Bernstein
and
Bernstein
(1989)
suggested
that
many
of
the
spouses
had
problems
in
establishing
and
maintaining
friendly
and
intimate
relationships
with
each
other,
since
they
expected
to
earn
some
interests
from
their
marriage
in
general,
and
from
their
spouses
in
particular(5).
On
the
other
hand,
85
and
91%
of
those
at
the
verge
of
divorce
suggested
positive
opinions
and
irrational
and
irrational
predictions
of
marital
relationship
at
the
beginning
of
their
marriage,
and
believe
that
the
probability
of
divorce
was
zero
to
them
which
corresponds
to
the
results
from
the
present
study
(29).
Many
scholars
and
theorists
consider
irrational
beliefs
as
the
main
cause
of
disagreements,
especially
in
marital
relationships.
Irrational
beliefs
have
also
been
reported
in
disrupted
families
which
in
turn
confirmed
Ellis
and
Becks
view
that
psychological
problems
were
the
major
result
of
peoples
misconceptions.
Ellis
(1995)
believed
that
dependency
on
others,
fear
and
loneliness,
passivity
to
choose,
continuous
effort
to
influence
others
even
when
at
risk,
would
most
likely
cause
couples
to
have
particular
tendencies
in
their
behavior
and
actions
which
results
in
their
dissatisfaction
with
marital
life
and
marital
dissatisfaction
rises
due
to
a
series
of
unrealistic
expectations
and
beliefs
and
challenges
in
life.
Dependent
individuals
tend
to
enter
into
relationships
with
people
who
are
emotionally
available;
they
try
to
control
a
relationship
without
expressing
their
needs
and
desires
and
as
the
result
feel
a
state
of
uncompromising
endurance.
They
try
to
care
for
someone
who
is
in
a
critical
condition,
but
such
care
and
attention
changes
to
an
obsession
and
frustration.
In
fact,
this
dependency
forms
a
relationship
that
is
characterized
by
living
for
another,
controlling
others,
solving
others
problems,
and
excessive
concern
about
intimacy,
and
it
occurs
when
a
person
with
his
inefficient
and
addictive
behaviors
affects
thoughts,
feelings
and
behaviors
of
others
(30,
31).
Also
the
other
study
showed
that
irrational
beliefs
lead
to
dysfunctional
emotions,
which
further
affect
the
perceived
marital
adjustment
of
both
partners(32).
Another
variable
affecting
marital
satisfaction
in
this
hypothesized
model
is
the
quality
of
communication
with
the
family,
since
communication
in
the
family
uses
the
mechanisms
of
the
family
to
share
their
preferences,
needs
and
feelings
(14).
Communication
is
also
considered
as
the
facilitator
and
dynamic
dimension
of
the
family
system,
which
plays
a
vital
role
in
helping
the
family
to
move
towards
the
coherence
and
flexibility
of
the
family
(18).
To
explain
these
results,
it
can
be
concluded
that
effective
and
proper
communication
in
the
family
helps
to
promote
satisfactory
factors
among
couples
and
facilitates
social
and
spiritual
support,
access
to
social
support
and
family
movement
to
help.
Also,
the
proper
and
effective
communication
along
with
reduction
of
inhibitor
factors
to
intimacy
can
result
in
better
marital
satisfaction.
In
summary,
the
results
of
the
present
study
were
presented
in
two
theoretical
and
practical
sections:
at
the
theoretical
level,
the
results
of
this
study
could
help
in
better
identification
of
the
causative
factors
and
correlations
of
marital
dissatisfaction.
Also,
the
findings
of
this
study
can
confirm
the
theories
related
to
the
relationship
between
marital
anxiety
and
marital
satisfaction,
and
also
the
results
of
previous
studies.
Since
so
far
no
research
ever
investigated
the
relationship
between
quality
of
family
communication
and
marital
satisfaction,
the
present
study
may
introduce
a
new
perspective
to
investigations
on
marital
satisfaction.
At
the
practical
level,
the
findings
of
this
study
can
offer
preventive
aspects
to
be
considered
in
pre-marital
counselling.
It
can
also
introduce
an
empirical
and
therapeutic
basis
for
couple
therapists
and
family
therapist
who
may
use
cognitive
and
behavioural
therapies
to
affect
excitement
and
emotions
of
couples,
teach
them
the
skills
to
share
feelings
and
emotions,
and
help
couples
to
be
better
communicators
and
improve
the
quality
of
family
communication
which
leads
to
higher
marital
satisfaction.
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