|
The Role of Self-Compassion
Factors in Predicting the Marital Satisfaction
of Staff at Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences
Parisa Janjani (1,2)
Lida Haghnazari (3)
Farahnaz Keshavarzi (4)
Alireza Rai (1)
(1) Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
(2) PhD Student of Psychology, College of Social
Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
(3) Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
(4) Department of obstetrics and gynecology,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
Correspondence
Lida Haghnazari,
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
Email: Lida-Haghnazari@yahoo.co
|
Abstract
Introduction:
Marital satisfaction is one of the effective
factors in job satisfaction. Therefore,
the present study aimed to investigate
the role of self-compassion factors in
predicting the marital satisfaction of
staff at Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences.
Material and
Methods: In this descriptive, correlational
and analytical study, the statistical
population consisted of all staff at Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences, of which
280 staff (140 males and 140 females)
were selected from both morning and evening
shifts through convenience sampling according
to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Further, for data collection, a demographic
questionnaire, the Enrich marital satisfaction
scale and Neff self-compassion scale were
utilized. Then data were analyzed through
the descriptive and inferential statistics
in the SPSS Statistics Software Version
21.0.
Results: The results of the present
study revealed that marital satisfaction
correlated with self-kindness (0.89),
common humanity and mindfulness (0.89),
isolation (-0.85) and over-identified
items (-0.42) (p<0.01). The results
of regression analysis also demonstrated
that the items of self-kindness (=0.89),
common humanity and mindfulness (=0.45)
and isolation (=0.37) could predict marital
satisfaction, while the over-identified
items could not (=0.04).
Conclusion:
Some effective steps can be taken towards
improving marital satisfaction among staff
using the results of studies and their
application in relations between spouses,
thereby resulting in satisfaction with
life, improved quality of life, and job
satisfaction.
Key words:
marital satisfaction, Self-Compassion,
University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah
|
Family has been introduced as a social institution
or entity ensuing from the matrimonial bond
between men and women. The presence of healthy
and constructive interaction between humans
and expressing love and intimacy to each other
are the manifestations of social life. One’s
satisfaction with matrimonial life is regarded
as one’s satisfaction with family. On the
other hand, one’s satisfaction with family
is regarded as one’s satisfaction with
life, thereby facilitating the growth and development
of material and spiritual progress of societies.
Moreover, marital relationship has been described
as the most important and most fundamental human
relationship since it provides a basic structure
for building familial bonds and training next
generations (1). Marital satisfaction is a major
and intricate aspect of matrimonial relationships,
that is, one of the vital aspects of marital
satisfaction is the one experienced and felt
by couples (2). The term ‘marital satisfaction’
denotes one’s overall happiness and satisfaction
with matrimonial life. Further, satisfied couples
are normally in agreement, are satisfied with
the type and level of their relationships and
leisure time, and exercise good management in
terms of time and financial issues (3).
On the other hand, self-compassion is related
with self-kindness and common humanity and mindfulness,
but it does not mean self-centeredness or preference
of one’s needs over other’s (4). Having
a compassionate attitude towards oneself, which
balances one’s mental outlook, is called
‘mindfulness (5, 6). Mindfulness denotes
one’s non-judgmental and receptive attitudes
towards oneself, so that one’s thoughts
and feelings are regarded in a way that there
will be no need for them to be altered or excluded.
In order for a person to experience self-compassion,
it is necessary that he/she keeps his/her conscious
mind in perspective. In other words, painful
experiences are to be avoided because it is
necessary for understanding one’s feelings
towards self-compassion (7). Neff (2011) proposed
the structure of self-compassion in the form
of self-acceptance health (4). Self-compassion,
a loving and receptive stance towards one’s
undesirable aspects and life, encompasses three
main components: self-kindness and one’s
understanding of difficulties, or in the event
of inadequacies. Self-compassion has some shared
human features in which sufferings and failures
are the inevitable aspects of common human experiences.
Furthermore, self-compassion encompasses balanced
awareness of one’s feelings. i.e. the ability
to face painful thoughts and feelings instead
of avoiding them without exaggeration or feeling
pity for oneself (8). Not only does self-compassion
protect one against negative psychological states,
it also plays a vital role in positive emotional
states. For instance, self-compassion correlates
with feelings such as social bonds and life
satisfaction (9, 7). Additionally, self-compassion
helps with meeting basic needs of autonomy,
competence and the need to communicate which
are essential for human well-being based on
the theory of Desai et al (2002)(10) and this
attitude is related to many positive psychological
consequences such as stronger incentives for
coping with personal and inter-personal conflicts,
constructive problem solving and the stability
of married life (11). The results of other studies
have also indicated that self-judgment, isolation
and mindfulness are directly related to reduced
married life satisfaction and marriage instability
(12). Neff &Beretvas (2013) found out that
not only did self-compassion make people happier
and healthier, it was also a good predictor
of improving romantic relationships, thereby
leading to the marital satisfaction of couples.
Although the effects of self-compassion on personal
performance have been addressed in some studies
(Neff, 2009), very few studies have dealt with
the role of self-compassion in inter-personal
relationships and marital satisfaction (13,
14). On the other hand, in today’s complex
world, marital satisfaction and job satisfaction
are seen as two important factors in human life,
which are inextricably intertwined. Furthermore,
the employees at medical universities, as custodians
of improving health from the dimensions of physical,
mental, improving quality and life satisfaction,
have a special place. Therefore, the present
study aimed to investigate the role of self-compassion
factors in predicting the marital satisfaction
of staff at Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences.
In this descriptive, correlational and analytical
study, the statistical population consisted
of all staff at Kermanshah University of Medical
Sciences, of which 280 staff (140 males and
140 females) were selected from both morning
and evening shifts through convenience sampling
according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Further, for data collection, a demographic
questionnaire, the Enrich marital satisfaction
scale and Neff Self-compassion scale (Neff,
2003) were utilized (9).
Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (Short-Form):
This 115-item scale was developed by Olson,
Derankman and Forniro (1978, 1987). Soleymanian
(1994) provided a short form of the questionnaire
with 47 questions whose reliability was calculated
by a panel of 11 experts through Alpha coefficient
(=0.95), and this 47-item scale was employed
in the present study (15). The reliability of
this questionnaire was reported 0.95 by Olson
(1989) and Soleymanian (1994) (Hamidi, 2007)(16,
15, 17). Sanaei (2008) expressed that the Alpha
coefficients for the items of this questionnaire
were as follows: marital satisfaction (0.9),
personality issues (0.81), couple closeness
(0.72), conflict resolution (0.68), financial
management (0.75), leisure activities (0.74),
sexual relationship (0.76), children and parenting
(0.48), and equality between men and women (0.72)(18).
Moreover, the reliability of this scale was
measured 0.95 in a study done by Alidadi Thaeme
et al (2014)(19).
Self-Compassion Scale (SCS): This 26-item self-reporting
instrument was developed and validated by Kristin
Neff (2003a) to measure self-compassion. This
scale consists of six subscales: self-kindness
(five items), self-judgment (five items), common
humanity (four items), isolation (four items),
mindfulness (four items), over-
identified (four items). The results of studies
performed by Kristin Neff (2003a) on a sample
of 391 university students were indicative of
the high reliability and validity of this scale.
Moreover, the internal consistency of the scale
was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha (=0.92
for the whole scale)(9). Also, Cronbach’s
alpha for the subscales was as follows: self-kindness
(0.78), self-judgment (0.77), common humanity
(0.80), isolation (0.79), mindfulness (0.75),
over-identified (0.81). Two weeks after the tests,
the subjects were retested, and the test-retest
reliability measured 0.93. In addition, to examine
the convergent validity, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Scale (RSES) was utilized which measured 0.59.
To calculate the discriminant validity or divergent
validity, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
(NPI) was employed, and no significant correlation
was found between the two scales, an indication
of its high discriminant validity. The concurrent
validity was assessed through Beck Anxiety Inventory
(BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and
the results were indicative of good validity.
In a study conducted by Momeni & et al (2013),
four factors (common humanity and mindfulness,
self-kindness, isolation, and over-identified)
were extracted from the questionnaire, and the
internal consistency of the scale was examined
through Cronbach’s alpha (=0.70 for the whole
scale)(20). Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha
for the subscales were as follows: common humanity
and mindfulness (0.71), self-kindness (0.75),
isolation (0.72), and over-identified (0.65).
Furthermore, the reliability of the whole questionnaire
measured 0.72 in the present study. Then data
were analyzed through the descriptive and inferential
statistics in SPSS Statistics Software Version
21.0.
To commence the study, the Kermanshah-based
hospitals were visited, the objectives of the
study were explained to the employees of Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences, and then the
questionnaires were distributed to them. According
to the inclusion criteria, 280 employees were
included in the study, and those who were unwilling
to participate in the study as well as those
who were suffering from physical diseases (heart
disease, sexual disorders, etc.) were excluded
from the study, and their questionnaires were
given to others. To this end, the target subjects
were assured that their information would be
kept confidential.
Of
the
total
of
280
subjects
of
the
present
study,
140
students
(50%)
were
male
and
140
(50%)
were
female.
The
average
age
of
the
subjects
was
33.41±
6.59,
and
in
terms
of
education,
the
majority
of
students
were
studying
B.A.
(165
or
59%),
101
subjects
were
doing
M.A.
(35.6%),
and
there
were
14
Ph.D.
students
(5.3%).
In
addition,
the
majority
of
participants
had
incomes
between
8000,000
Rial
and
15,000,000
Rial
(110
or
39.5%),
and
those
with
incomes
lower
than
8000,000
Rial
accounted
for
4.8%
(14
subjects).
Moreover,
the
majority
of
subjects
had
been
married
for
nearly
one
year
(47
subjects
or
16.8%),
and
most
of
them
had
one
child
(101
subjects
or
35.9%).
Also,
the
spouses
of
the
majority
of
subjects
were
clerks
(157
subject
or
56.3%)
and
had
university
education
(198
subjects
or
70.7%).
As
shown
in
Table
1,
the
mean
score
and
standard
deviation
of
marital
satisfaction
were
118.87
and
19.81,
an
indication
that
the
status
of
the
marital
satisfaction
of
the
employees
of
Kermanshah
University
of
Medical
Sciences
was
average.
Further,
the
mean
score
and
standard
deviation
of
self-Compassion
measured
51.52
and
21.76,
indicating
that
the
status
of
this
feature
was
above
average
(see
Table
1).
Table
1.
Mean
and
Standard
Deviation
of
Variables
in
the
Sample
under
Study
The
results
of
Table
2
showed
that
there
were
correlations
between
marital
satisfaction
and
each
of
self-kindness
(0.89),
common
humanity
and
mindfulness
(0.89),
isolation
(-0.85),
and
over-identified
items
(-0.42).
This
result
was
indicative
of
the
significant
relationship
between
the
variables
(p<0.01).
The
results
of
the
correlation
coefficient
of
self-compassion
with
marital
satisfaction
are
shown
in
Table
2.
Click
here
for
Table
2:
The
Correlation
Coefficient
of
Self-compassion
with
Marital
Satisfaction
The
results
of
Table
3
shows
that
f=66.47,
and
this
value
is
significant
at
0.0001,
and
the
items
of
self-compassion
can
predict
Marital
Satisfaction
Table
3.
The
Results
of
Regression
Analysis
for
Predicting
Marital
Satisfaction
Based
on
the
Items
of
Self-Compassion
The
results
of
regression
analysis
demonstrated
that
the
factors
of
self-kindness,
common
humanity
and
mindfulness
and
isolation
could
predict
marital
satisfaction
with
coefficients
of
0.89,
0.45,
and
-0.37,
respectively.
However,
over-identified
items
could
not
predict
marital
satisfaction
(=0.04)
(see
Table
4).
Table
4:
The
Regression
Coefficients
for
the
Prediction
of
Marital
Satisfaction
Based
on
the
Components
of
Self-Compassion
The
present
study
aimed
to
investigate
the
role
of
self-compassion
factors
in
predicting
the
marital
satisfaction
of
staff
at
Kermanshah
University
of
Medical
Sciences.
The
findings
of
the
present
study
demonstrated
that
marital
satisfaction
positively
correlated
with
self-kindness,
common
humanity
and
mindfulness
and
isolation,
while
marital
satisfaction
and
over-identified
items
were
negatively
related.
Further,
self-kindness,
common
humanity
and
mindfulness,
isolation
and
over-identified
items
could
predict
marital
satisfaction.
This
finding
was
consistent
with
the
results
of
studies
conducted
by
Neff
&Beretvas
(2013),
Baker
&
McNulty
(2011),
Yarnell
&
Neff
(2013),
and
Ghezelsefloo,
Jazayeri,
Bahrami,
and
Mohammadi.
(2016)(13,
11,
21,
22).
To
further
explicate
this
finding,
it
can
be
expressed
that
self-compassion
is
accompanied
by
senses
of
originality,
happiness,
and
value,
and
those
with
this
feature
are
able
to
express
themselves
in
their
romantic
relationships.
Neff
&
Beretvas
(2013)
showed
that
there
was
a
relationship
between
self-kindness
and
showing
kindness
to
partners,
and
they
also
found
out
that
the
higher
one’s
self-compassion
would
be,
the
higher
the
possibly
for
his/her
spouse
to
consider
him/her
a
protector
(kind
and
affectionate,
warm,
and
considerate)
(13).
The
self-compassionate
ones
are
able
to
have
intimate
relationships
with
others,
thereby
providing
their
spouses
with
more
autonomy
and
independence
(23).
Additionally,
the
self-compassionate
people
see
themselves
as
ones
with
defects,
are
aware
of
and
accept
their
defects,
can
accept
the
limitations
and
defects
of
their
spouses,
and
eventually
have
higher
marital
satisfaction
(13).
Breines
&
Chen
(2012)
showed
that
when
the
conflicts
of
self-compassionate
people
with
their
spouses
were
resolved,
their
self-confidence
and
sense
of
well-being
would
rise,
while
they
would
experience
less
distress
in
their
relations,
apologize
to
their
spouses
and
improve
the
traumatic
aspects
of
their
relationships
(24).
On
the
other
hand,
the
results
of
other
studies
have
shown
that
the
ones
without
self-compassion
show
more
verbal
aggression
to
their
spouses,
thereby
overreacting
in
the
event
of
anger
or
conflicts
with
their
spouses
with
the
aim
of
stabilizing
their
negative
emotions
(25,
9).
Ryan
and
Desy
(2000)
were
quoted
by
Neff
&
Beretvas
(2013)
as
saying
that
the
emotional
flexibility
and
balance
developed
by
self-compassion
would
make
one
show
a
more
constructive
response,
thereby
resulting
in
the
growth
of
cognitive
health
in
interpersonal
relations,
and
since
self-compassion
requires
one’s
conscious
awareness
of
emotions,
he/she
would
avoid
painful
and
uncomfortable
feelings
and
approach
them
with
kindness,
understanding
and
common
humanity,
and
eventually
change
negative
emotion
into
pleasant
states
and
positive
emotions
(26).
Additionally,
the
results
of
the
present
study
demonstrated
that
marital
satisfaction
correlated
with
common
humanity
and
mindfulness.
This
result
was
concurrent
with
the
results
of
studies
conducted
by
Walsh
et
al,
(2009)
and
Gambrel
and
Keeling,
(2010)
(27,28).
To
further
explain
this
part,
it
can
be
expressed
that
self-compassionate
people
are
more
conscious
about
their
thoughts,
feelings,
and
strengths
and
weaknesses
of
their
married
lives.
As
a
result,
according
to
Burpee
&
Langer
(2005),
this
awareness
creates
a
conceptual
harmony
for
couples
resulting
in
marital
satisfaction
(29).
Ryan
and
Desey
(2000)
expressed
that
mindfulness
helps
one
modify
one’s
negative
behavior
patterns
and
automatic
thoughts
and
adjust
positive
behaviors
related
to
health
(30).
In
other
words,
mindfulness
can
cause
positive
changes
in
one’s
happiness,
wellbeing
and
satisfaction
with
life
through
combining
liveliness
and
experience.
The
people
with
high
levels
of
mindfulness
develop
constantly
dynamic
and
flexible
environments
in
their
lives
due
to
time
management
and
no
fear
of
changes,
and
these
dynamic
and
flexible
environments
prevent
the
growth
of
chronic
conflicts
and
long-term
psychological
and
emotional
distances
between
couples
(29).
Other
results
indicated
that
there
was
a
negative
relationship
between
isolation
and
marital
satisfaction.
In
other
words,
the
more
isolated
a
person,
the
lower
his/her
marital
satisfaction
will
be.
To
further
explicate
the
matter,
it
can
be
expressed
that
one
of
the
effective
factors
in
marital
satisfaction
is
communication
patterns
among
couples,
so
that
a
healthy
and
constructive
communication
pattern
is
regarded
as
a
major
factor
in
marital
satisfaction
(31).
Also,
the
type
of
interactions
between
couples
within
the
living
environment
has
a
direct
relationship
with
their
happiness
or
misery.
Couples
who
experience
deep,
reasonable,
friendly
and
intimate
emotional
relationships
are
usually
successful,
positive
and
happy
people.
Conversely,
couples
without
good
emotional
relationships
are
isolated,
bad-tempered,
have
low
adaptability
in
society,
and
feel
miserable
(32).
Acknowledgement
In
the
end,
our
grateful
thanks
go
to
all
the
personnel
of
Kermanshah
University
of
Medical
Sciences
for
their
kind
support
and
cooperation.
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