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| From
the Editor |
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Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor) |
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Original contribution/Clinical Investigation
Diabetes
Mellitus - Knowledge, Management and Complications:
Survey report from Faisalabad-Pakistan
Ijaz Anwer, Ahmad Shahzad, Kashmira Nanji, Farah
Haider, Muhammad Masood Ahmad
Alanine
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Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Orhan Ayyildiz* Mustafa
Cem Algin, Yusuf Aydin, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley
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Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptides
Gene Expression in Susceptible/Resistant Mice
Macrophages to Leishmania major Infection
Hamid Daneshvar, Iraj Sharifi, Alireza Kyhani,
Amir Tavakoli Kareshk, Arash Asadi
Does
socio-economic status of the patients have effect
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grafting surgery?
Forough Razmjooei, Afshin Mansourian, Saeed
Kouhpyma
Comparison
of the uterine artery Doppler indices during
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mellitus and healthy pregnant women
Nazanin Farshchian, Farhad Naleini, Amir Masoud
Jaafarnejhad,
Parisa Bahrami Kamangar
Survey
single dose Gentamicin in treatment of UTI in
children with range of 1 month to 13 years old
in Jahrom during 2015
Ehsan Rahmanian, Farideh Mogharab,
Vahid Mogharab
Evaluation
of control of bleeding by electro cauterization
of bleeding points of amplatz sheath tract after
percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in Jahrom
Peymanieh hospital during year 2015-2016
Ali Reza Yousefi , Reza Inaloo
Comparison
of the three-finger tracheal palpation technique
with triple ID formula to determine endotracheal
tube depth in children 2-8 years in 2016-2017
Anahid Maleki, Alireza Ebrahim Soltani, Alireza
Takzare, Ebrahim Espahbodi,
Mehrdad Goodarzi , Roya Noori
Effect
of Sevoflurane and Propofol on pulmonary arterial
pressure during cardiac catheterization in children
with congenital heart diseases
Faranak Behnaz, Mahshid Ghasemi , Gholamreza
Mohseni, Azim Zaraki
Population and Community Studies
Prevalence
and risk factors of obesity in children aged
2-12 years in the Abu Dhabi Islands
Eideh Al-Shehhi, Hessa Al-Dhefairi, Kholoud
Abuasi, Noora Al Ali, Mona Al Tunaiji, Ebtihal
Darwish
Study
and comparison of psychological disorders in
normal students and students with multiple sclerosis
in Shahrekord
Neda Ardestani-Samani, Mohammad Rabiei, Mohammad
Ghasemi-Pirbalooti, Asghar Bayati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
Comparative
study of self-concept, physical self-concept,
and time perspective between the students with
multiple sclerosis and healthy students in Shahrekord
Neda Ardestani-Samani, Mohammad Rabiei, Mohammad
Ghasemi-Pirbalooti, Asghar Bayati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
Relationship
between Coping Styles and Religious Orientation
with Mental Health in the Students of the Nursing-Midwifery
Faculty of Zabol
Nasim Dastras, Mohsen Heidari Mokarrar, Majid
Dastras, Shirzad Arianmehr
Tuberculosis
in Abadan, Iran (2012-2016): An Epidemiological
Study
Ali-Asghar ValiPour, Azimeh Karimyan, Mahmood
Banarimehr, Marzieh Ghassemi, Maryam Robeyhavi,
Rahil Hojjati,
Parvin Gholizadeh
Family
Stability and Conflict of Spiritual Beliefs
and Superstitions among Yazdi People in Iran:
A Qualitative Study
Zahra Pourmovahed , Seyed Saied Mazloomy Mahmoodabad
; Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi ; Hossein Tavangar
; Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani ; Ali Akbar
Vaezi
A
comparative study of the self-actualization
in psychology and Islam
Simin Afrasibi, Zakieh Fattahi
The
effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral therapy
in reducing the post-traumatic stress symptoms
in male students survivors of earthquake in
the central district of Varzeghan
Sakineh Salamat, Dr.Ahad Ahangar, Robab Farajzadeh
Reviews
Effects
and mechanisms of medicinal plants on stress
hormone (cortisol): A systematic review
Kamal Solati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani, Lesley
Pocock
Comparing
Traditional and medical treatments for constipation
: A Review Article
Mohammad Yaqub Rajput
A review
of anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies
in 15- 25 year old women in Jahrom City in 2011
Ehsan Rahmania , Farideh Mogharab, Vahid Mogharab
Review
of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children
below 12 years old in Jahrom hospital, during
2010-2014
Ali Reza Yousefi , Reza Inaloo
Physical
and mental health in Islam
Bahador Mehraki, Abdollah Gholami
International Health Affairs
The Challenges
of Implementation of Professional Ethics Standards
in Clinical Care from the viewpoint of Nursing
Students and Nurses
Saeedeh Elhami, Kambiz Saberi, Maryam Ban, Sajedeh
Mousaviasl, Nasim Hatefi Moadab, Marzieh Ghassemi
Cognitive
Determinants of Physical Activity Intention among
Iranian Nurses: An Application of Integrative
Model of Behavior Prediction
Arsalan Ghaderi, Firoozeh Mostafavi, Behzad Mahaki,
Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh,
Yadolah Zarezadeh , Erfan Sadeghi
Effect
of resilience-based intervention on occupational
stress among nurses
Hossein Jafarizadeh, Ebrahim Zhiyani, Nader
Aghakhani, Vahid Alinejad, Yaser Moradi
Education and Training
Calculation
of Salaries and Benefits of Faculty Members
in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education
of Iran
Abdolreza Gilavand
The
effect of education on self-care behaviors of
gastrointestinal side effects on patients undergoing
chemotherapy
Shokoh Varaei, Ehsan Abadi Pishe, Shadan Pedram
Razie, Lila Nezam Abadi Farahani
Creating
and Validating the Faith Inventory for Students
at Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Solmaz Choheili, Reza Pasha, Gholam Hossein
Maktabi, Ehsan Moheb
Creating
and Validating the Adjustment Inventory for
the Students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Homa Choheili, Reza Pasha, Gholam Hossein Maktabi,
Ehsan Moheb
Evaluating
the Quality of Educational Services from the
Viewpoints of Radiology Students of Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences
Abdolreza Gilavand, Jafar Fatahiasl
An
Investigation of Psychosocial aspect of Iranian
Nursing Students' Clinical Setting
Mahsa Boozaripour , Zanyar Karimi, Sima Zohari
Anbohi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Fariba Borhani
Clinical Research and Methods
Comparison
of the Antibacterial Effects of Chlorhexidine
Mouth washes with Jaftex Mouth wash on Some
Common Oral Microorganisms (An in Vitro Study)
Ebrahim Babadi, Zahra Bamzadeh, Fatemeh Babadi
Study
of the effect of plasma jet on Fusarium isolates
with ability to produce DON toxins
Elham Galin Abbasian, Mansour Bayat, Arash chaichi
Nosrati, Seyed Jamal Hashemi, Mahmood Ghoranneviss
The
comparison of anti-inflammatory effect in two
methods of topical dexamethasone injection and
topical application of ginger alcoholic extract
after removing mandibular wisdom teeth
Sahar Zandi, Seyyed Muhammadreza Alavi, Kamran
Mirzaie, Ramin Seyedian, Narges Aria, Saman
Jokar
The effect
of curcumin on growth and adherence of major
microorganisms causing tooth decay
Leila Helalat, Ahmad Zarejavid, Alireza Ekrami,
Mohammd Hosein Haghighizadeh, Mehdi Shiri Nasab
|
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Abyad
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| November 2017
- Volume 15, Issue 9 |
|
|
Creating and Validating
the Adjustment Inventory for the Students of
Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Homa Choheili (1)
Reza Pasha (2)
Gholam Hossein Maktabi (3)
Ehsan Moheb (4)
(1) MA in Educational Psychology, Department
of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Ahvaz, Iran
(2) Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
(3) Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran
University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(4) Phd in Educational Psychology, Department
of Educational Psychology, Shahre-kord Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Shahre-kord, Iran
Corresponding author:
Reza Pasha
Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic
Azad University,
Ahvaz, Iran
Email: g.rpasha@yahoo.com
|
Abstract
This
study was conducted in order to create
and validate the adjustment inventory.
The sample consisted of 1005 students
of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz who
were selected using the multi-stage random
sampling method. The adjustment inventory
consisting of 100 items was employed to
measure their adjustment. Each item was
scored on the five-point Likert scale
from Not fully used to Fully used. After
data collection, the correlation between
each item and the total score was determined.
The coefficients for 11 items were weak
and statistically insignificant. The Cronbach’s
Alpha coefficient for the 100-item set
was 0.758 and after eliminating 11 items
for a set of 89 questions, it was 0.76.
Factor analysis was conducted in order
to verify the construct validity of the
inventory; the KMO value was 0.915 and
the significant Bartlett’s sphere
test indicated that there were suitable
conditions for conducting factor analysis.
After eliminating the inappropriate questions
with a factor load of less than 0.3, using
the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
and varimax rotation, with respect to
the factor matrix, gradient diagram and
the percentage of explained variance,
four factors were extracted from a set
of 90 items, explaining 44.87% of the
total variance among the variables. The
first factor with 29 items and the special
value of 16.63 covers about 55.17% of
the total variance of the variables and
is an indicator of health adjustment;
the second factor with 20 items indicates
academic adjustment, the third factor
with 21 items, shows the family adjustment
and the fourth factor with 11 items measures
the emotional adjustment and the fifth
factor with eight items indicates the
social adjustment.
Key words: Adjustment,
Validity, Inventory, Narration
|
Contemporary mankind lives in a world that
requires more individual and social flexibility
and adjustment (1). Individual adjustment occurs
when a person can establish a healthy relationship
between themself and the social environment.
The social environment also includes the family,
the educational setting, the business environment,
and so on. If one fails to interact with the
environment in a desirable manner, he/she is
not considered adjustable (2).
Adjustment originates from biology. For the
first time, Darwin suggested it in his theory
of evolution, then this concept has been used
in other sciences, such as psychology and sociology
(3,4). This term refers, in biological terms,
to biological structures that facilitate the
survival of the species, and includes not only
humans but also animals and plants (4). In psychology,
adjustment is assumed to be more or less consciously
based on if one adjusts to the social, natural
or cultural environment. This adjustment requires
that a person has to change themself or actively
make changes in the environment, and as a result,
the necessary coordination is established between
the individual and the environment (4). Adjustment
is a behavior that increases the individual’s
competence and average ability to improve their
past and nearby people. Because the content
of social learning is not genetic, the proper
behavior of the individual is in response to
and selected by social consequences. In other
words, this behavior is strengthened and one
learns that they will get a good result by repeating
it (5).
Adjustment is a relative concept and differs
in societies under the influence of cultures
and beliefs. On the other hand, human behavior
is affected by various factors, such as family,
school, peer group and other social factors.
Human personality will be perfect if a good
balance and interaction are established between
themself and the surrounding environment.
Social pressures clearly have a great influence
on individual behavior. On the other hand, human
beings are flexible. They adapt not only to
the environment, but also change the environment
according to their own needs (6). The human
being is a social being, so for success it is
necessary to achieve a good adjustment within
the society. If the learner fails to achieve
adjustment, misadjustment occurs and they distance
themself from balanced behavior and show a kind
of misadjustment including aggression, anxiety,
anti-social personality, attention drawing,
escape from school and habitual disorders. Therefore,
it is vital to adjust and coordinate yourself
with the surrounding environment. Daily struggles
focus on this adjustment. Everybody consciously
and unconsciously seeks to satisfy their various
but conflicting needs in the environment where
they live. Underlying factors such as educational
methods, school factors, values and beliefs,
peer group, family and education are effective
in formation of adjustment. Recognition of the
factors affecting the students’ adjustment
at the critical age and the sustainability effects
that this period has on the formation of a teenage
personality can predict and plan in helping
them to provide good mental health (5).
Adjustment, to Sinha and Singh (1993), is the
emotional stability and courage in social relationships,
as well as the interest in education and school,
which is seen as emotional adaptation, social
adjustment and educational adaptation. Also,
Sinha and Singh (1993) defined academic or educational
adjustment as having positive attitudes toward
the academic goals, the effective effort to
achieve academic goals and the positive attitude
to the educational environment, and considered
social adjustment as the mechanisms by which
a person finds the ability to belong to a group,
and emotional adjustment as the mechanism by
which the person finds emotional stability (7).
Social adjustment
Social adjustment involves the individual’s
adjustment to his or her social environment
and refers to a process in which the relationships
between individuals, groups and other elements
are satisfactory, so that provides mutual satisfaction
(8).
Emotional adjustment
Emotional adjustment is the mechanism by which
a person achieves emotional stability. It includes
good mental health, satisfaction with personal
life, and coordination between feelings, thoughts
and deeds (9).
Educational adjustment
Educational adjustment refers to the satisfaction
and effective functioning in the educational
environment (10).
Family adjustment
Family adjustment is the mechanism by which
a person acquires a sense of security and trust
towards family members, especially parents,
thereby establishing a proper relationship with
them (11).
Health adjustment
Health adjustment includes “a sense of
responsibility towards oneself and the choice
of a healthy lifestyle.” The World Health
Organization (1947) defines health as: “Health
is the state of complete physical and psychological
well-being, and not just the absence of illness
or disability” (9).
The development of measurement methods and
new psychometric theories have led to the emergence
of new scholarly methods for assessing the talents,
abilities and other psychometric characteristics
of individuals that have been considered by
the instructors, consultants, psychologists
and other behavioral science experts. Although
a number of instruments have been developed
for measurement of religious tendencies and
similar subjects, limited research has been
carried out on the measurement of faith due
to its newness. Because this tool (inventory)
is designed to measure students’ faith,
it is necessary to measure its validity and
reliability among the students. Considering
that the subject under study has an exploratory
aspect, it is also necessary to provide an answer
to the following questions:
1. Is there enough internal consistency
between the set of questions that are presented
to assess the students’ adjustment?
2. Is the set of questions designed to
measure the students’ adjustment sufficiently
valid?
3. What are the underlying components
of adjustment inventory for students and how
much are they saturated?
The
statistical
population
in
this
study
consists
of
all
1,005
high
school
students
of
Ahvaz
in
the
academic
year
of
2016-2017.
A
multi-stage
sampling
method
was
used
to
determine
the
sample
size.
To
this
end,
the
population
of
each
school
was
determined
by
Ahvaz
Education
Administration
and
randomly
divided
into
four
districts
(Districts
1,
2,
3
and
4)
by
lot,
from
all
four
districts
in
proportion
to
the
population
of
each
district
based
on
sex.
The
adjustment
inventory
is
designed
to
be
applicable
to
all
adjustment
areas
with
visible
adjustment
and
implications.
Therefore,
the
questions
are
designed
to
show
people’s
adjustment
in
social,
emotional,
educational,
family
and
health
adjustments.
The
main
collection
consists
of
100
items.
Initially,
the
content
validity
of
the
questions
was
approved
by
a
number
of
professors,
psychologists
and
counselors
to
ensure
that
the
items
are
understandable
and
applicable
to
the
student
groups.
After
this
stage,
the
items
were
administered
for
a
group
of
1,005
high
school
students
from
Islamic
Azad
University
of
Ahwaz.
The
initial
validity
coefficient
of
the
inventory
for
the
set
of
100
questions
was
rtt
=
0.756.
For
the
second
time,
the
validity
of
the
inventory
was
calculated
after
the
removal
of
other
questions
with
factor
load
less
than
0.3.
The
validity
coefficient
after
the
elimination
of
questions
2,
6,
12,
36,
37,
38,
57,
71,
77,
87,
and
96
for
the
90-item
set
was
re-calculated
and
was
rtt
=
0.76.
In
the
present
study,
the
KMO
value
is
0.915
and
the
Bartlett
test
was
23510.627
which
is
significant
at
0.0001.
Thus,
in
addition
to
the
sampling
adequacy,
the
implementation
of
the
factor
analysis
based
on
the
understudy
matrix
can
also
be
justified.
627.23510,
which
is
significant
at
0.0001.
In
addition,
=
to
the
sampling
adequacy,
the
implementation
of
the
factor
analysis
based
on
the
matrix
under
study
can
also
be
justified.
Table
2
shows
the
initial
statistical
characteristics
that
were
obtained
by
the
analysis
of
the
main
components,
with
a
special
value
of
5
factors
higher
than
1,
and
the
extent
of
explaining
the
common
variance
of
variables
for
these
five
factors
is
equal
to
29.826%
of
the
total
variance
of
variables.
The
slope
design,
which
is
a
graph
of
the
special
values
of
a
100-item
faith
inventory,
is
shown
in
Figure
1.
The
slope
design
indicates
that
the
contribution
of
the
first
factor
in
the
variance
of
all
variables
is
significant
and
differs
from
the
contribution
of
other
factors.
In
the
next
step,
based
on
the
special
value,
the
percentage
of
variance
and
the
slope
design,
five
factors
were
considered
as
the
basis
for
determining
the
final
characteristics.
Here,
it
is
worth
noting
that
some
researchers
in
order
to
investigate
the
nature
of
relationships
between
variables
and
finding
definitions
of
factors
state
that
coefficients
above
0.30
and
coefficients
higher
than
0.40
are
significant
in
the
definition
of
factors
and
the
coefficients
below
this
limit
are
considered
to
be
zero
(random
factor).
For
example,
Jones
(1954)
used
the
lowest
coefficient
of
0.3,
Houman
(1988)
used
0.35
and
Reynold
et
al.
(1981)
used
0.4
values.
In
the
present
study,
this
coefficient
is
equal
to
0.30.
Given
that
variables
in
factors
6
and
7
have
a
factor
load,
but
the
number
of
questions
in
these
factors
is
less
than
3,
so
according
to
the
relevant
theories,
sometimes
four
questions
and
sometimes
10
questions
are
at
least
needed
to
form
a
factor.
In
this
study,
at
least
4
questions
were
considered
for
the
formation
of
the
factor.
Based
on
the
results
of
factor
analysis
and
the
above-mentioned
indicators,
four
factors
were
extracted
from
all
questions
and
the
special
value
of
four
factors/
fourth
factor
explain
the
value
higher
than
29.82.
The
first
factor
is
a
special
value
of
16.63
and
ultimately
the
fifth
factor
justifies
a
special
value
of
2.11.
After
ensuring
that
the
sampling
is
adequate
and
that
the
correlation
matrix,
which
is
the
basis
of
the
factor
analysis,
is
not
equal
to
zero
in
population,
factor
analysis
was
performed.
The
special
values
of
these
four
factors,
the
percentage
of
explanation
of
variance
and
the
condensation
percentage
of
the
explained
variance
are
shown
in
Table
3.
The
extracted
factors
were
transferred
to
new
axes
using
the
varimax
rotation
method.
The
main
matrix
after
the
varimax
rotation,
which
was
obtained
after
8
repetitions,
was
shown
in
Table
4.
Table
1: KMO
size
and
results
of Bartlett’s
test
of adjustment
inventory
Click
here
for
Table
2: Primary
statistical
characteristics
of a
100-question
inventory
The
slope
design,
which
is
a
graph
of
the
special
values
of
a
100-item
faith
inventory,
is
shown
Figure
1.
Figure
1:
Slope
design
Table
3:
Special
value
of
the
percentage
of
the
explanation
of
the
condensation
variance
of
the
five
factors
Table
4:
Factor
matrix
after
rotation
| | |
