|
Relationship between
Coping Styles and Religious Orientation with
Mental Health in the Students of the Nursing-Midwifery
Faculty of Zabol
Nasim Dastras (1)
Mohsen Heidari Mokarrar (2)
Majid Dastras (3)
Shirzad Arianmehr (4)
(1) MSc Student, Clinical Psychology, Islamic
Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran
(2) Zabol University of medical science, Zabol,Iran
(3) Faculty member of Zahedan University of
Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
(4) MSc in Health Care Management, Zahedan University
of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Corresponding author:
Mohsen Heidari Mokarrar
Zabol University of medical science,
Zabol,Iran
Email: ps.heydri@gmail.com
|
Abstract
The
purpose of this study was to investigate
the relationship between coping styles
and religious orientation with mental
health among students of Nursing Midwifery
Faculty of Zabol. The method of doing
a descriptive-survey research is a correlation
approach. The population consisted of
320 students in the Nursing and Midwifery
Faculty of Zabol. The statistical sample
of this study is 175 people. This number
is determined by referring to the Morgan
table. Sampling method is also simple
random method. The instrument for measuring
the data was Lazarus’ coping strategies
questionnaire (1988), Alport and Ross
religious orientation questionnaire (1967)
and Goldberg and Hiller’s mental
health questionnaire (1979). The Cronbach’s
alpha coefficient was 0.89, 0.78 And 0.83.
Data analysis was performed using SPSS
software. The results of the research
show that there is a significant relationship
between coping styles and religious orientation.
There is also a significant relationship
between coping styles and mental health.
Key words:
coping styles, religious orientation,
mental health
|
In the present century, the issue of stress
and stress management has been one of the most
important fields of research in various sciences,
and its impact on human life is one of the broadest
research fields in the present age. Stress,
anxiety and coping are the permanent components
of everyday life. All of us at any moment encounter
issues that may be stressful. These cases include
daily disturbances to major events and the degree
of stressfulness of each item varies from person
to person (Villada,Hidalgo, Almela, & Salvador,2016).
The methods or strategies that a person uses
in dealing with stressful situations play an
essential role in his/her physical and mental
health. Evaluation and coping processes and
cognitive efforts of people and their ability
to interpret and overcome life problems are
effective (Thomas, Cassady & Heller, 2017).
In the initial evaluation, an individual may
assess the situation as threatening or vice
versa. In the second stage, or secondary assessment,
the type of action that a person must take in
relation to that position, and the forces and
facilities that he / she feels for resolution
and counteraction. The sense of danger and its
extent depends on the possibilities that one
feels to have, and this is related to the information
that the environment, life’s business and
personal characteristics have created for him
or her. New information may be effective in
assessing the individual’s situation and
re-evaluating it (Vu,2017).
A personality or environmental variable can
act as a stress regulator by influencing the
individual’s dependence on specific confrontational
strategies. First, it can influence the assessment
of the meaning of events (threats or lacking),
and secondly, it can affect the assessment of
coping resources (Jaser, Patel, Xu, Tamborlane
& Grey,2017). Coping is a process through
which individuals control the stress associated
with stressors and control the negative emotions
created by these factors.
In other words, coping with the cognitive,
emotional and behavioral effort of a person
is to control the external and internal factors
that threaten the person. The concept of coping
from the past decades has been formally discussed
in the field of psychology, and over the past
years, many studies have been conducted on the
coping process and a variety of coping styles.
Adaptive coping allows one to grow in a challenging
world. The ability to detect appropriate emotional
responses when confronted with stressful events
in everyday life creates a positive attitude
about life events (Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck,2016).
People with low emotional intelligence are weaker
in problem-solving ability and do not have the
ability to use coping skills in dealing with
psychological stresses in life. Recent research
has shown that the type of coping strategies
used by an individual affects not only his mental
health but also his physical well-being (Yeung,
Lu, Wong & Huynh,2016).
In general, religion has a significant impact
on the adaptability of individuals and can be
used in clinical work with clients who seek
spiritual psychotherapy (Reynolds,2017). The
psychology of religion, as we observe today,
owes its existence to the comparative studies
of religions in the nineteenth century in Europe.
It is said that the emergence of psychology
studies of religion begins with two disciplines
of psychoanalytic psychology and psychology.
The development of religious studies in the
field of scientific psychology can be considered
a product of the studies of Freud and Jung as
psychoanalytic in this regard, each having a
different view of religion. In most of his work,
Freud considers religion as illusion. Jung believes
that all phenomena, including dreams and illusions,
are reality, and he believes that religious
concepts are the best explanation of man, and
that psychology would not be realized except
by religion (Koenig, Boucher, Oliver, Youssef,
Mooney, Currier & Pearce,2017).
In recent years, numerous studies have been
conducted on the relationship between religion
and mental health. These studies have generally
shown that there is a positive relationship
between religion and health (Speed, ,2017).
But in some studies, vague and inaudible connection
has been reported between various aspects of
religiosity and psychological compilation. It
seems that religious beliefs can have positive
and negative effects on mental health, and depending
on the religious views of a person some religions
(e.g. worshipping of inanimate objects(e.g.
crystals) may be quite detrimental to mental
health, similar events in a person’s life
can be considered in a completely different
way.
Studies and theorizing in various religious
fields have a long history, but the study of
religion began psychologically about 100 years
ago. The psychology of religion, as we observe
today, owes its existence to the comparative
studies of religions in the nineteenth century
in Europe. It is said that the emergence of
religious psychology studies begins with two
disciplines of psychological analysis and physiological
psychology (Kato, 2016). Mental health is related
to emotions, attitudes and human behavior in
such a way that when a person has good mental
health, they can usually cope with increasing
incidents and daily social problems and pursue
their goals in life in order to have a more
effective social function. In fact, mental health
provides the basis for the development of intellectual
and communication skills, and promotes emotional
growth, flexibility, and self-esteem. With the
successful performance of mental functions and
as a result of constructive activities, having
the right relationships with others, the ability
to adapt to the changes and dreams that are
effective with the disastrous events of life,
all are consequences of good mental health (Ramakrishnan,
Baccari, , Ramachandran, Ahmed & Koenig,2017).
Despite the old beliefs of religions, the experts
in the field of psychology of religion at the
theoretical level have discussed the effects
of religious beliefs on the happiness of contradictory
views. For example, Freud and Ellis have a negative
evaluation of the role and effect of religion
on mental health. They consider health as the
axis of social economic development. If the
goal of all social policies is the welfare of
society, the key to entry into society’s
welfare is firstly the hope of a healthy and
decent life, and that it is not possible without
health. Development without a healthy human
is not understandable. According to Muller,
World Health Organization former chairman, “Health,
if not everything, is nothing without health.”
In public health, increasing acceptance and
confirmation have been made such that health
is determined not only by behavioral, biological
and genetic factors, but also by a range of
determinants of economic, environmental and
social determinants such as safe environment,
adequate income, having meaningful roles in
the community, secure custodians, higher education
and social support, which result in better health
and well-being in the neighborhoods. The above
factors are called “social determinants”
(Jain, van Hoek, Boccia & Thomas,2017).
Considering the issues that arose in this study,
is there a significant relationship between
coping styles and religious orientation with
mental health?
The method of this research is survey.
Statistical population and sampling
The population consisted of students from the
Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Zabol; 320
people. The statistical sample of this study
is 175 people. This number is determined by
referring to the Morgan table. Sampling method
is simple random method.
Tools
The Lazarus Coping Strategies Questionnaire
(WOCQ): It is a 66-item test that was developed
by Lazarus and Fulkman (1980) on the basis of
a coping strategies log (Lazarus and Fulkman,
1980), and the wide range of thoughts and actions
individuals have when evaluating the internal
or external pressure conditions, are evaluated.
The test has 8 sub-scales: direct coping, distance,
self-control, social support, acceptance of
responsibility, escape-avoidance, scheduled
problem solving and positive re-evaluation.
The 16 words of this test are divergent, and
the other 50 are evaluating the individual’s
coping style. Copywriting strategies revised
with copywriting logs differ in a number of
cases. Firstly, how to respond in the original
version is yes / no, in the revised version,
each statement is answered on a 4-point Likert
scale (from 0: I have not used at all until
3: a lot of it And secondly, extra and inaudible
phrases have been replaced by other terms, and
some phrases like worship have been added to
the questionnaire.
Religious Orientation Scale: According
to the Allport theory, internal religion, religious,
and institutionalized are internal. While external
religion is an external instrument and a tool
that is used to meet individual needs such as
authority and security. The goal of Allport
from the inner religious orientation is: a comprehensive
motivational commitment that is ultimate goal
and not a means for Achieving Individual Goals
(Big John 1999). In 1950, Allport and Ross produced
this scale to measure the inner and outer orientations
of religion. In the early studies on this basis,
it was observed that the correlation of the
external orientation with the inner is 0.21
(Allport and Ross, 1967). This scale is graded
based on Likert scores, the range of which totally
disagrees, to totally agrees, and gives the
answers a score of 1 to 5. Reputation Points
1 to 12 determine the extent of the exterior
orientation of the subject and the total score
of phrases 13 to 21 of his/her internal religious
orientation score.
General Health Scale (GHQ): The original
form of the questionnaire was developed by Goldberg
and Hiller in 1970, and its validity and validity
are reviewed several times. Chen in the simultaneous
evaluation of this questionnaire with the Minnesota-Border-Associated
Questionnaire-Boundary Questionnaire was 54.4.
In the study of this questionnaire, Beck’s
disapproval questionnaire, the Coefficient of
Factor Coefficient of 0.99, reported a mean
of 0.96, the mean sensitivity of the GHQ28 questionnaire
was 0.84 and the mean of it was 0.82. Goldberg
and Williams scored the total score of 0.95
for the whole questionnaire. It has 4 sub-scales
that include:
1) Scale of physical symptoms: Includes
items about people’s feelings about their
health, their fatigue feeling with physical
symptoms, 28 questions in GHQ 1 to 7.
2) Anxiety and Depression Symptoms:
Includes those related to insomnia and anxiety,
in GHQ 28 Questions 8 to 14
3) Social Function: Means the ability
of individuals to meet the demands of professional
and daily routines. Revealing the feelings of
people in coping with the commonplace items
of life, in GHQ28 Questions 15 to 21
4) Depression syndrome: Includes severe
depression and suicidal tendencies, and in GHQ28
Question 22 to 28.
There is a score for each scale and a score
is related to the overall score of the individual.
This questionnaire is used in Iran, and its
internal consistency is verified using the Cronbach’s
alpha of 87. 87. The GHQ28 form was tested on
a sample of 80 in 7-10 days that reported a
subscale score of between 0.50 and 0.81. The
sensitivity of this test is 0.86 and its specificity
is 0.82.
Pearson correlation coefficient and regression
were used to analyze the data.
To
investigate
the
relationship
between
coping
styles
and
religious
orientation,
multiple
regressions
is
used.
Table
1:
Summary
of
regression
model
Table
2:
Analysis
of
variance
Table
3:
Coefficients
of
regression
model
variables
Table
4:
Summary
of
regression
model
Table
5:
Analysis
of
variance
Table
6:
Coefficients
of
regression
model
variables
As
shown
in
the
summary
table
of
the
model,
the
coefficient
of
determination
is
equal
to
0.805.
So,
it
can
be
said
that
about
81%
of
variations
of
dependent
variable
(mental
health)
are
expressed
by
dimensions
of
coping
styles.
In
the
analysis
table
of
variance,
the
significance
level
is
equal
to
0.001
and
less
than
0.05.
Therefore,
the
regression
is
significant.
In
the
table
of
coefficients
of
regression
model
variables,
it
is
observed
that
the
significant
values
for
system
coping,
distance
and
escape-avoidance
variables
are
greater
than
0.05.
Therefore,
with
95%
confidence,
it
can
be
said
that
the
coefficient
of
effect
of
these
variables
is
not
significant
in
the
regression
model.
Also,
meaningful
values
for
self-control
variables,
social
support
seeking,
problem-solving,
and
positive
re-evaluation
are
less
than
0.05.
As
a
result,
there
is
a
meaningful
relationship
with
mental
health
with
self-control,
social
support,
acceptance
of
responsibility,
problem-solving,
and
positive.
| DISCUSSION
AND
CONCLUSION
|
The
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
investigate
the
relationship
between
coping
styles
and
religious
orientation
with
mental
health
in
students
of
the
nursing
midwifery
faculty
of
Zabol.
Results
show
that
about
87%
of
changes
in
dependent
variable
(religious
orientation)
are
expressed
by
dimensions
of
coping
styles.
To
be
significant
values
for
distance
and
re-evaluation
are
greater
than
0.05.
Therefore,
with
95%
confidence,
it
can
be
said
that
the
coefficient
of
effect
of
these
variables
is
not
significant
in
the
regression
model.
Also,
meaningful
values
for
system
coping,
self-control,
social
support,
acceptance
of
responsibility,
escape-avoidance
and
planned
problem
solving
are
less
than
0.05.
As
a
result,
we
can
say
that
between
self-control,
social
support,
escape-avoidance
and
problem-solving
there
is
a
meaningful
relationship
with
religious
orientation.
Also,
about
81%
of
variations
in
dependent
variable
(mental
health)
are
expressed
by
dimensions
of
coping
styles.
Significant
values
for
system
coping,
distance,
and
escape-avoidance
variables
are
greater
than
0.05.
Therefore,
with
95%
confidence,
it
can
be
said
that
the
coefficient
of
effect
of
these
variables
is
not
significant
in
the
regression
model.
Also,
meaningful
values
for
self-control
variables,
social
support
seeking,
problem-solving,
and
positive
re-evaluation
are
less
than
0.05.
As
a
result,
self-control,
social
support,
acceptance
of
responsibility,
problem-solving,
and
positive
revaluation
there
is
meaningful
relationship
between
good
mental
health
and
religious
orientation.
The
results
of
this
research
are
related
to
results
of
research
of
Zeidner
&
Zevulun
(2017)
as
dimensions
of
the
relationship
between
religious
orientation
and
mental
health
and
the
assessment
of
religious
orientation
scale
which
showed
that
religious
orientation
has
a
relationship
with
better
mental
health
and
reducing
psychiatric
disorders
and
is
able
to
to
positively
predict
a
positive
religious
confrontation.
Also,
the
relationship
between
self-esteem
and
religious
orientation
is
positive.
The
results
showed
that,
in
addition
to
the
convergence
between
religious
orientation
and
religious
coping
scale,
the
religious
orientation
scale
can
differentiate
and
distinguish
groups
with
different
religious
orientations.
A
subject
that
can
be
cited
as
evidence
for
discriminatory
validity
of
this
test
is
conformance.
The
current
research,
like
most
research
in
behavioral
sciences,
has
been
accompanied
by
limitations
and
problems
that
identify
them
for
further
research
and
attempt
to
reduce
or
eliminate
these
limitations
and
logical
problems.
Meanwhile,
the
research
results
highlighted
some
issues
that
would
be
the
key
to
new
and
upcoming
research.
Here
are
some
of
the
limitations
and
issues
raised
in
this
research:
•
Due
to
the
fact
that
the
information
gathering
tool
was
a
questionnaire
in
this
research,
all
research
constraints
have
a
questionnaire.
•
Some
respondents
did
not
respond
to
the
questions
for
some
reason,
such
as
secrecy,
lack
of
time,
lack
of
sufficient
information
and
other
reasons.
•
The
lack
of
research
culture
and
low
motivation
of
individuals
and
organizations
in
conducting
research
projects
and
lack
of
cooperation
with
researchers.
It
is
proposed
to:
Raise
the
religious
interests
of
students
in
increasing
the
tolerance
of
people
against
the
pressures
and
hardships
by
congresses,
councils
of
guidance
and
counseling
and
religious
programs
by
the
university,
creating
a
climate
of
faith
and
belief
in
the
university
environment
and
supporting
students
as
well
as
encouraging
students
to
establish
and
participate
in
religious
associations.
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