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| From
the Editor |
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Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor) |
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Original contribution/Clinical Investigation
Diabetes
Mellitus - Knowledge, Management and Complications:
Survey report from Faisalabad-Pakistan
Ijaz Anwer, Ahmad Shahzad, Kashmira Nanji, Farah
Haider, Muhammad Masood Ahmad
Alanine
aminotransferase indicates excess weight and
dyslipidemia
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Orhan Ayyildiz* Mustafa
Cem Algin, Yusuf Aydin, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley
Pocock
Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptides
Gene Expression in Susceptible/Resistant Mice
Macrophages to Leishmania major Infection
Hamid Daneshvar, Iraj Sharifi, Alireza Kyhani,
Amir Tavakoli Kareshk, Arash Asadi
Does
socio-economic status of the patients have effect
on clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass
grafting surgery?
Forough Razmjooei, Afshin Mansourian, Saeed
Kouhpyma
Comparison
of the uterine artery Doppler indices during
pregnancy between gestational diabetes and diabetes
mellitus and healthy pregnant women
Nazanin Farshchian, Farhad Naleini, Amir Masoud
Jaafarnejhad,
Parisa Bahrami Kamangar
Survey
single dose Gentamicin in treatment of UTI in
children with range of 1 month to 13 years old
in Jahrom during 2015
Ehsan Rahmanian, Farideh Mogharab,
Vahid Mogharab
Evaluation
of control of bleeding by electro cauterization
of bleeding points of amplatz sheath tract after
percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in Jahrom
Peymanieh hospital during year 2015-2016
Ali Reza Yousefi , Reza Inaloo
Comparison
of the three-finger tracheal palpation technique
with triple ID formula to determine endotracheal
tube depth in children 2-8 years in 2016-2017
Anahid Maleki, Alireza Ebrahim Soltani, Alireza
Takzare, Ebrahim Espahbodi,
Mehrdad Goodarzi , Roya Noori
Effect
of Sevoflurane and Propofol on pulmonary arterial
pressure during cardiac catheterization in children
with congenital heart diseases
Faranak Behnaz, Mahshid Ghasemi , Gholamreza
Mohseni, Azim Zaraki
Population and Community Studies
Prevalence
and risk factors of obesity in children aged
2-12 years in the Abu Dhabi Islands
Eideh Al-Shehhi, Hessa Al-Dhefairi, Kholoud
Abuasi, Noora Al Ali, Mona Al Tunaiji, Ebtihal
Darwish
Study
and comparison of psychological disorders in
normal students and students with multiple sclerosis
in Shahrekord
Neda Ardestani-Samani, Mohammad Rabiei, Mohammad
Ghasemi-Pirbalooti, Asghar Bayati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
Comparative
study of self-concept, physical self-concept,
and time perspective between the students with
multiple sclerosis and healthy students in Shahrekord
Neda Ardestani-Samani, Mohammad Rabiei, Mohammad
Ghasemi-Pirbalooti, Asghar Bayati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
Relationship
between Coping Styles and Religious Orientation
with Mental Health in the Students of the Nursing-Midwifery
Faculty of Zabol
Nasim Dastras, Mohsen Heidari Mokarrar, Majid
Dastras, Shirzad Arianmehr
Tuberculosis
in Abadan, Iran (2012-2016): An Epidemiological
Study
Ali-Asghar ValiPour, Azimeh Karimyan, Mahmood
Banarimehr, Marzieh Ghassemi, Maryam Robeyhavi,
Rahil Hojjati,
Parvin Gholizadeh
Family
Stability and Conflict of Spiritual Beliefs
and Superstitions among Yazdi People in Iran:
A Qualitative Study
Zahra Pourmovahed , Seyed Saied Mazloomy Mahmoodabad
; Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi ; Hossein Tavangar
; Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani ; Ali Akbar
Vaezi
A
comparative study of the self-actualization
in psychology and Islam
Simin Afrasibi, Zakieh Fattahi
The
effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral therapy
in reducing the post-traumatic stress symptoms
in male students survivors of earthquake in
the central district of Varzeghan
Sakineh Salamat, Dr.Ahad Ahangar, Robab Farajzadeh
Reviews
Effects
and mechanisms of medicinal plants on stress
hormone (cortisol): A systematic review
Kamal Solati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani, Lesley
Pocock
Comparing
Traditional and medical treatments for constipation
: A Review Article
Mohammad Yaqub Rajput
A review
of anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies
in 15- 25 year old women in Jahrom City in 2011
Ehsan Rahmania , Farideh Mogharab, Vahid Mogharab
Review
of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children
below 12 years old in Jahrom hospital, during
2010-2014
Ali Reza Yousefi , Reza Inaloo
Physical
and mental health in Islam
Bahador Mehraki, Abdollah Gholami
International Health Affairs
The Challenges
of Implementation of Professional Ethics Standards
in Clinical Care from the viewpoint of Nursing
Students and Nurses
Saeedeh Elhami, Kambiz Saberi, Maryam Ban, Sajedeh
Mousaviasl, Nasim Hatefi Moadab, Marzieh Ghassemi
Cognitive
Determinants of Physical Activity Intention among
Iranian Nurses: An Application of Integrative
Model of Behavior Prediction
Arsalan Ghaderi, Firoozeh Mostafavi, Behzad Mahaki,
Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh,
Yadolah Zarezadeh , Erfan Sadeghi
Effect
of resilience-based intervention on occupational
stress among nurses
Hossein Jafarizadeh, Ebrahim Zhiyani, Nader
Aghakhani, Vahid Alinejad, Yaser Moradi
Education and Training
Calculation
of Salaries and Benefits of Faculty Members
in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education
of Iran
Abdolreza Gilavand
The
effect of education on self-care behaviors of
gastrointestinal side effects on patients undergoing
chemotherapy
Shokoh Varaei, Ehsan Abadi Pishe, Shadan Pedram
Razie, Lila Nezam Abadi Farahani
Creating
and Validating the Faith Inventory for Students
at Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Solmaz Choheili, Reza Pasha, Gholam Hossein
Maktabi, Ehsan Moheb
Creating
and Validating the Adjustment Inventory for
the Students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Homa Choheili, Reza Pasha, Gholam Hossein Maktabi,
Ehsan Moheb
Evaluating
the Quality of Educational Services from the
Viewpoints of Radiology Students of Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences
Abdolreza Gilavand, Jafar Fatahiasl
An
Investigation of Psychosocial aspect of Iranian
Nursing Students' Clinical Setting
Mahsa Boozaripour , Zanyar Karimi, Sima Zohari
Anbohi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Fariba Borhani
Clinical Research and Methods
Comparison
of the Antibacterial Effects of Chlorhexidine
Mouth washes with Jaftex Mouth wash on Some
Common Oral Microorganisms (An in Vitro Study)
Ebrahim Babadi, Zahra Bamzadeh, Fatemeh Babadi
Study
of the effect of plasma jet on Fusarium isolates
with ability to produce DON toxins
Elham Galin Abbasian, Mansour Bayat, Arash chaichi
Nosrati, Seyed Jamal Hashemi, Mahmood Ghoranneviss
The
comparison of anti-inflammatory effect in two
methods of topical dexamethasone injection and
topical application of ginger alcoholic extract
after removing mandibular wisdom teeth
Sahar Zandi, Seyyed Muhammadreza Alavi, Kamran
Mirzaie, Ramin Seyedian, Narges Aria, Saman
Jokar
The effect
of curcumin on growth and adherence of major
microorganisms causing tooth decay
Leila Helalat, Ahmad Zarejavid, Alireza Ekrami,
Mohammd Hosein Haghighizadeh, Mehdi Shiri Nasab
|
|
Chief
Editor -
Abdulrazak
Abyad
MD, MPH, MBA, AGSF, AFCHSE
.........................................................
Editorial
Office -
Abyad Medical Center & Middle East Longevity
Institute
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PO BOX 618
Tripoli, Lebanon
Phone: (961) 6-443684
Fax: (961) 6-443685
Email:
aabyad@cyberia.net.lb
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Publisher
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Pocock
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AUSTRALIA
Phone: +61 (3) 9005 9847
Fax: +61 (3) 9012 5857
Email:
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While all
efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy
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expressed are those of the authors and do not
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research, criticism or review, as permitted
under the Australian Copyright Act, no part
of this program may be reproduced without the
permission of the publisher.
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| November 2017
- Volume 15, Issue 9 |
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|
A review of anti-measles
and anti-rubella antibodies in 15- 25 year old
women in Jahrom City in 2011
Ehsan Rahmanian (1)
Farideh Mogharab (2)
Vahid Mogharab (1)
(1) Department of Pediatrics, Jahrom University
of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
(2) Research Center, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Jahrom University of Medical
Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
Corresponding author:
Vahid Mogharab,
Department of Pediatrics,
Jahrom University of medical sciences,
Jahrom, Iran
Tel: +989171912400
Email: mogharabvahid@yahoo.com
|
Abstract
Introduction: Measles
and rubella are acute viral diseases.
Rubella often has mild clinical symptoms
and cannot be diagnosed. Pregnant mother’s
infection with this disease causes serious
complications, especially congenital rubella
syndrome which is one of the causes of
neonatal mortality, severe congenital
defects and permanent disability in children.
In contrast, measles often occurs with
severe symptoms. This study aimed to determine
the immunity level of Jahrom’s young
girls and women against measles and rubella
7 years after the public vaccination comparing
to determine the percentage of infection
with these two viruses, the effectiveness
of the vaccine and an appropriate method
to prevent the complications of these
two diseases.
Methodology:
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive
study. According to the previous study
conducted one year after the public vaccination
in Jahrom City, 100% of the subjects were
given immune anti-rubella antibody titer
and 94% received immune anti-measles antibody
titer. Now this study measured anti-measles
and anti-rubella antibody titers (IgG)
in 180 women and girls aged 15-25 in Jahrom
City through ELISA assay.
Results:
165 subjects (91.7%) had positive rubella
titer, 13 subjects (7.2%) had suspected
rubella titer and 1 subject (0.6%) had
negative rubella titer. Meanwhile, 170
subjects (94.4%) had positive, 6 subjects
(13.3%) had suspected and 3 subjects(1.7%)
had negative measles titer. Regarding
suspected cases as positive for long-term
maintenance of serums, a total of 98.5%
of people were immunized measles and 97.5%
were immunized rubella. With increase
of age, antibody titer significantly increased
(p<0.05). There was no significant
relationship between taking or not taking
steroids, immunity repressor and the subjects’
immunity percentage (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
The results showed that although the
national vaccinationcomparing in 2003
has been effective in immunizing the women
of gestational age to measles and rubella,
it seems that due to the gradual reduction
of this immunity, all women, before pregnancy,
should undergo a test to determine their
immunity to these two diseases and if
necessary, booster vaccine should be inoculated.
Key words: Measles, Rubella, Congenital
rubella, vaccination, IgG.
|
Measles is a highly contagious disease the
incidence of which declined due to widespread
vaccination. However, there are still outbreaks
of the disease worldwide, which can be due to
the primary vaccine failure in a small percentage
of children and the lack of vaccination in some
percentage of preschool children and, finally,
because of the reduction in the anti-measles
antibody levels in children born to the mothers
with no history of wild virus infection [1].
Measles vaccine failure was reported in 5% of
those who received only one dose of vaccine
at 12 months of age. However, weaning immunity
can be observed in some people after each vaccine
[2]. Rubella is a mild disease with cutaneous
rash that is more severe in children and infants
than in adults, and the worst problem with rubella
is its trans-placental transmission, fetal infection
and congenital malformation which causes eye
symptoms (cataract, glaucoma, etc.), microspheres,
PDA, nerve deafness, etc. in the infants. Before
vaccination, rubella epidemics were observed
every 6 to 9 years. Now after vaccination, the
incidence of the disease has reduced by 99%
[1]. Infection with rubella was asymptomatic
in 25-50% of cases, and immunity after infection
with virus and with vaccine was prolonged. However,
at the same time, some rare cases of infections
were reported [2]. After the injection of MMR
vaccine, sero conversion rate was different
in children. In a study conducted in Korea,
after MMR injection to 121 children 1-2 years
old, sero conversion rate was reported to be
97-97% for rubella and 100% for measles. Regarding
the children aged 4-6, who were sero negative,
all 39 children had 100% sero conversion rate
for measles and rubella after MMR injection
[3]. In the study conducted by Dr. Zamani and
Dr. Daneshjoo in Tehran in 2004 on 1,665 schoolchildren
aged 6 to 12, 68.5% had no anti-rubella antibody
titer. A year after the mass MR vaccination
in Iran in 2004 and during that time all women
under the age of 25 were vaccinated with MR.
In a research project conducted in the city
of Jahrom, IgG rate against measles and rubella
was reviewed in girls of 15-25 year old by ELISA
method and the seropositivity rate of the vaccinated
subjects was reported to be 100%. The pregnant
mother’s infection with measles virus,
and especially rubella virus in the first three
months, can have harmful irreparable effects
on the fetus. The goal of measles and rubella
vaccine preparation and all its immunization
programs was to avoid these complications, especially
congenital rubella syndrome. Selection of the
appropriate measles and rubella vaccination
requires obtaining information about these diseases
and their complications and performing community-based
epidemiological studies, especially in pregnant
women and women of reproductive age, to determine
their level of immunity.
Given that in 2003, public vaccination against
these two diseases was carried out for the age
group of 25.5 years, and after that several
similar studies in Iran and a similar study
in Jahrom City were conducted, and the immunity
level of the subjects after the vaccination
was investigated. This study aimed to determine
the immunity level against measles and rubella
9 years after the public vaccination of 15 to
25 year-old women in Jahrom City to determine
the sensitivity of individuals, the efficacy
of the vaccine and an appropriate immunization
method to prevent these two diseases.
It
was
a
cross-sectional
descriptive-analytic
study
conducted
to
determine
the
immunity
level
of
15-25
year-old
girls
and
women
in
Jahrom
City
against
measles
and
rubella
virus
a
few
years
after
the
public
vaccination.
Through
convenience
sampling
method,
a
blood
sample
was
taken
from
180
women
aged
15-25
years
who
referred
to
the
laboratory
of
Peymaniyeh
Hospital
in
Jahrom
City.
Then,
that
was
centrifuged
and
frozen
at
4°C.
Then,
anti-measles
and
anti-rubella
IgE
titer
were
measured
using
ELISA
method
and
Spectrophotometer.
After
taking
blood
samples
from
180
volunteers
aged
15
to
25,
who
referred
to
the
laboratory
of
Peymanieh
Hospital
in
Jahrom,
and
serum
centrifugation
and
isolation,
serums
were
stored
at
4°C
for
several
months.
The
research
methodology
was
based
on
the
use
of
ELISA
method,
which
showed
97%
sensitivity
and
94%
specificity
for
anti-measles
IgG
and
95.5%
sensitivity
and
97.1%
specificity
for
anti-rubella
IgG.
The
samples
were
first
placed
at
room
temperature
for
one
hour
and
shaken
at
form
8.
100
diluted
serum
was
added
to
5
serum.
Meanwhile,
5
positive
controls
were
added
to
one
sample
and
5
negative
controls
and
5
cut
off
controls
were
added
to
one
sample.
Then,
the
samples
were
shaken
with
sugar
for
2
minutes
and
left
in
a
37°C
incubator
for
45
minutes.
Then,
the
samples
were
washed
with
0.3
volumes
of
solution
5
times.
Immediately
after
that,
100
volumes
of
IgG
solution
were
added
to
all
samples
and
they
were
placed
in
a
37°C
incubator
for
30
minutes.
For
the
second
time,
the
samples
were
washed
with
rinsing
solution
5
times
and
immediately
after
that
100
substrate
solution
was
added
to
all
samples.
After
the
samples
were
kept
away
from
the
sunlight
at
room
temperature
for
20
minutes,
50
of
stop
solution
was
added
to
all
of
them,
and
finally,
the
samples
were
read
using
spectrophotometer
with
a
wavelength
of
450/620
nm
one
hour
after
stopping
the
test.
Samples
with
a
specific
anti-measles
IgG
and
specific
anti-rubella
IgG
of
less
than
9
IU/ml
were
considered
negative,
those
with
9-11
were
considered
suspected
and
those
above
11
were
considered
positive
according
to
the
Kite
manufacturer’s
instruction
(Vircell
Spanish
Company).
In
this
method,
the
antigen-antibody
complex
was
determined
by
ELISA
method
and
was
read
by
spectrophotometer.
Data
were
analyzed
by
SPSS
V11
software
at
the
descriptive
statistics
level
and
the
required
charts
were
also
designed
by
Excel
XP
software.
In
this
study,
serum
samples
of
180
girls
and
women
of
15-
to
25
years
in
Jahrom
City
who
had
a
history
of
public
vaccination
inoculation
were
evaluated
in
terms
of
measles
and
rubella
IgG.
IgG
levels
were
measured
by
ELISA
method
based
on
the
international
unit
of
(IU/ml).
ELISA
method
showed
sensitivity
of
97%
and
specificity
of
94%
for
anti-measles
antibody
and
95.5%
sensitivity
and
97.1%
specificity
for
anti-rubella
antibody.
The
kits
used
belonged
to
Vircell
Spanish
company.
Samples
with
an
antibody
level
below
9
IU/ml
were
negative,
those
with
a
level
of
9-11
were
suspected
and
those
with
a
level
of
more
than
11
were
considered
positive
(according
to
the
kit
manufacturer’s
instructions).
The
results
showed
that
165
out
of
180
subjects
(91.7%)
were
positive
for
anti-measles
antibody,
1
subject
(5.6%)
was
negative
and
13
subjects
(17.2%)
were
suspected.
Moreover,
170
subjects
(94.4%)
had
positive
anti-rubella
antibody,
3
subjects
(1.7%)
had
negative
and
6
subjects
(3.3%)
were
suspected.
Since
suspected
cases
were
considered
positive,
eventually
98.5%
of
subjects
are
still
immune
against
measles
and
approximately
97.5%
are
still
immune
against
rubella.
Meanwhile,
this
study
reviewed
the
relationship
between
the
individuals’
immunity,
steroid
use,
the
incidence
of
autoimmune
diseases,
the
use
of
specific
drugs
and
vaccination,
and
no
significant
relationship
was
observed
between
the
individuals’
immunity
or
non-immunity
and
the
use
of
steroids
and
self-immune
drugs
(p<0.05).
In
this
study,
174
(96.7%)
patients
did
not
take
steroids
and
6
(13.3%)
patients
used
steroids.
Moreover,
97%
of
those
who
had
positive
anti-measles
antibody
and
96.5%
of
those
with
anti-rubella
antibody
had
used
no
steroids.
Meanwhile,
92%
of
those
who
did
not
take
steroids
had
anti-measles
antibody
and
94.3%
of
those
who
did
not
take
steroids
had
anti-rubella
antibody
(Table
1).
Click
here
for
Table
1:
A
description
of
the
relationship
between
the
absolute
and
relative
frequency
of
the
volunteers’
immunity
against
measles
and
rubella
and
taking
or
not
taking
steroids.
Out
of
those
who
had
positive
anti-measles
antibody,
98.2%
and
97.6%
of
those
with
positive
anti-rubella
antibodies
did
not
use
the
autoimmune
disease
drugs.
Moreover,
92%
of
those
who
did
not
take
the
autoimmune
disease
drugs
had
anti-measles
antibody
and
94.3%
of
those
who
did
not
use
steroids
had
positive
anti-rubella
antibody
(Table
2).
Click
here
for
Table
2:
A
description
of
the
relationship
between
the
absolute
and
relative
frequency
of
the
volunteers’
immunity
against
measles
and
rubella
and
taking
or
not
taking
autoimmune
disease
drugs
There
was
a
significant
relationship
between
age
and
anti-measles
and
anti-rubella
antibody
titer
(P<0/05).
That
is,
the
antibody
titer
increases
with
age
increase,
so
that,
regarding
the
suspected
cases
as
immune,
in
the
age
group
of
20-25
years,
99.2%
are
immune
against
measles
and
97.8%
are
immune
against
rubella.
However,
in
the
age
group
of
15-19
years,
15-19,
these
figures
are
92.6%
and
97.5%,
respectively.
You
can
observe
this
comparison
in
Tables
3
and
4,
respectively.
Table
3:
Absolute
and
relative
frequency
distribution
of
volunteers
by
age
and
anti-measles
antibody
titer
Table
4:
Absolute
and
relative
frequency
distribution
of
volunteers
by
age
and
anti-rubella
antibody
titer
In
general,
the
results
showed
that
public
vaccination
was
quite
effective
and
an
acceptable
result
was
achieved
after
9
years.
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