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| From
the Editor |
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Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor) |
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Original contribution/Clinical Investigation
Diabetes Mellitus
- Knowledge, Management and Complications: Survey
report from Faisalabad-Pakistan
Ijaz Anwer, Ahmad Shahzad, Kashmira Nanji, Farah
Haider, Muhammad Masood Ahmad
Alanine aminotransferase
indicates excess weight and dyslipidemia
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Orhan Ayyildiz* Mustafa
Cem Algin, Yusuf Aydin, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley
Pocock
Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptides
Gene Expression in Susceptible/Resistant Mice
Macrophages to Leishmania major Infection
Hamid Daneshvar, Iraj Sharifi, Alireza Kyhani,
Amir Tavakoli Kareshk, Arash Asadi
Does
socio-economic status of the patients have effect
on clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass
grafting surgery?
Forough Razmjooei, Afshin Mansourian, Saeed
Kouhpyma
Comparison of the uterine
artery Doppler indices during pregnancy between
gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus and
healthy pregnant women
Nazanin Farshchian, Farhad Naleini, Amir Masoud
Jaafarnejhad,
Parisa Bahrami Kamangar
Survey single dose
Gentamicin in treatment of UTI in children with
range of 1 month to 13 years old in Jahrom during
2015
Ehsan Rahmanian, Farideh Mogharab,
Vahid Mogharab
Evaluation of control of
bleeding by electro cauterization of bleeding
points of amplatz sheath tract after percutaneous
nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in Jahrom Peymanieh hospital
during year 2015-2016
Ali Reza Yousefi , Reza Inaloo
Comparison of the three-finger
tracheal palpation technique with triple ID
formula to determine endotracheal tube depth
in children 2-8 years in 2016-2017
Anahid Maleki, Alireza Ebrahim Soltani, Alireza
Takzare, Ebrahim Espahbodi,
Mehrdad Goodarzi , Roya Noori
Effect of Sevoflurane
and Propofol on pulmonary arterial pressure
during cardiac catheterization in children with
congenital heart diseases
Faranak Behnaz, Mahshid Ghasemi , Gholamreza
Mohseni, Azim Zaraki
Population and Community Studies
Prevalence
and risk factors of obesity in children aged
2-12 years in the Abu Dhabi Islands
Eideh Al-Shehhi, Hessa Al-Dhefairi, Kholoud
Abuasi, Noora Al Ali, Mona Al Tunaiji, Ebtihal
Darwish
Study and comparison
of psychological disorders in normal students
and students with multiple sclerosis in Shahrekord
Neda Ardestani-Samani, Mohammad Rabiei, Mohammad
Ghasemi-Pirbalooti, Asghar Bayati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
Comparative
study of self-concept, physical self-concept,
and time perspective between the students with
multiple sclerosis and healthy students in Shahrekord
Neda Ardestani-Samani, Mohammad Rabiei, Mohammad
Ghasemi-Pirbalooti, Asghar Bayati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
Relationship
between Coping Styles and Religious Orientation
with Mental Health in the Students of the Nursing-Midwifery
Faculty of Zabol
Nasim Dastras, Mohsen Heidari Mokarrar, Majid
Dastras, Shirzad Arianmehr
Tuberculosis in Abadan,
Iran (2012-2016): An Epidemiological Study
Ali-Asghar ValiPour, Azimeh Karimyan, Mahmood
Banarimehr, Marzieh Ghassemi, Maryam Robeyhavi,
Rahil Hojjati,
Parvin Gholizadeh
Family Stability and Conflict
of Spiritual Beliefs and Superstitions among
Yazdi People in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Zahra Pourmovahed , Seyed Saied Mazloomy Mahmoodabad
; Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi ; Hossein Tavangar
; Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani ; Ali Akbar
Vaezi
A comparative
study of the self-actualization in psychology
and Islam
Simin Afrasibi, Zakieh Fattahi
The effectiveness
of cognitive - behavioral therapy in reducing
the post-traumatic stress symptoms in male students
survivors of earthquake in the central district
of Varzeghan
Sakineh Salamat, Dr.Ahad Ahangar, Robab Farajzadeh
Reviews
Effects and mechanisms
of medicinal plants on stress hormone (cortisol):
A systematic review
Kamal Solati, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani, Lesley
Pocock
Comparing Traditional
and medical treatments for constipation : A
Review Article
Mohammad Yaqub Rajput
A review of anti-measles
and anti-rubella antibodies in 15- 25 year old
women in Jahrom City in 2011
Ehsan Rahmania , Farideh Mogharab, Vahid Mogharab
Review of percutaneous
nephrolithotomy in children below 12 years old
in Jahrom hospital, during 2010-2014
Ali Reza Yousefi , Reza Inaloo
Physical and
mental health in Islam
Bahador Mehraki, Abdollah Gholami
International Health Affairs
The Challenges of Implementation
of Professional Ethics Standards in Clinical Care
from the viewpoint of Nursing Students and Nurses
Saeedeh Elhami, Kambiz Saberi, Maryam Ban, Sajedeh
Mousaviasl, Nasim Hatefi Moadab, Marzieh Ghassemi
Cognitive Determinants
of Physical Activity Intention among Iranian Nurses:
An Application of Integrative Model of Behavior
Prediction
Arsalan Ghaderi, Firoozeh Mostafavi, Behzad Mahaki,
Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh,
Yadolah Zarezadeh , Erfan Sadeghi
Effect of resilience-based
intervention on occupational stress among nurses
Hossein Jafarizadeh, Ebrahim Zhiyani, Nader
Aghakhani, Vahid Alinejad, Yaser Moradi
Education and Training
Calculation of Salaries
and Benefits of Faculty Members in the Ministry
of Health and Medical Education of Iran
Abdolreza Gilavand
The effect of education
on self-care behaviors of gastrointestinal side
effects on patients undergoing chemotherapy
Shokoh Varaei, Ehsan Abadi Pishe, Shadan Pedram
Razie, Lila Nezam Abadi Farahani
Creating and
Validating the Faith Inventory for Students
at Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Solmaz Choheili, Reza Pasha, Gholam Hossein
Maktabi, Ehsan Moheb
Creating
and Validating the Adjustment Inventory for
the Students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
Homa Choheili, Reza Pasha, Gholam Hossein Maktabi,
Ehsan Moheb
Evaluating
the Quality of Educational Services from the
Viewpoints of Radiology Students of Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences
Abdolreza Gilavand, Jafar Fatahiasl
An Investigation
of Psychosocial aspect of Iranian Nursing Students'
Clinical Setting
Mahsa Boozaripour , Zanyar Karimi, Sima Zohari
Anbohi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Fariba Borhani
Clinical Research and Methods
Comparison of the
Antibacterial Effects of Chlorhexidine Mouth
washes with Jaftex Mouth wash on Some Common
Oral Microorganisms (An in Vitro Study)
Ebrahim Babadi, Zahra Bamzadeh, Fatemeh Babadi
Study of the effect
of plasma jet on Fusarium isolates with ability
to produce DON toxins
Elham Galin Abbasian, Mansour Bayat, Arash chaichi
Nosrati, Seyed Jamal Hashemi, Mahmood Ghoranneviss
The comparison of
anti-inflammatory effect in two methods of topical
dexamethasone injection and topical application
of ginger alcoholic extract after removing mandibular
wisdom teeth
Sahar Zandi, Seyyed Muhammadreza Alavi, Kamran
Mirzaie, Ramin Seyedian, Narges Aria, Saman
Jokar
The effect of curcumin
on growth and adherence of major microorganisms
causing tooth decay
Leila Helalat, Ahmad Zarejavid, Alireza Ekrami,
Mohammd Hosein Haghighizadeh, Mehdi Shiri Nasab
|
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Chief
Editor -
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Abyad
MD, MPH, MBA, AGSF, AFCHSE
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|
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| November 2017
- Volume 15, Issue 9 |
|
|
Family Stability and
Conflict of Spiritual Beliefs and Superstitions
among Yazdi People in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Zahra Pourmovahed (1)
Seyed Saied Mazloomy Mahmoodabad (1)
Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi (2)
Hossein Tavangar (3)
Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani (4)
Ali Akbar Vaezi (3)
(1) Department of Health Education and Promotion,
Social Determinants of Health Research Center,
School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University
of Medical sciences, Yazd, Iran.
(2) Department of Education and Psychology,
Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
(3) Department of Nursing Education, Research
Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Shahid
Sadoughi Yazd University of Medical Sciences,
Yazd, Iran
(4) Department of Psychology, Research Center
of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid
Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd
, Iran
Corresponding author:
Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi
Yazd University, Safaeeye, Yazd, Iran.
Mobile Phone: +98 9132571279
Email: zareei_h@yahoo.com
|
Abstract
Background: The
people living in central Iran are well-known
as a religious society with powerful spiritual
beliefs while some of them also believe
in several superstitions which affect
their interactions, decision-making, loyalty
to familial life, tolerating life problems,
and finally, family health and stability.
Objectives:
This qualitative study was conducted with
the purpose of exploring the experiences
of family and marriage experts and also
couples’ experiences with religious
beliefs and superstitions running in families.
Materials and
Methods: Data were collected via digitally
audio-recorded deep semi-structured interviews
with 9 experts of family and marriage
and 4 couples living in Yazd (Iran). The
participants were selected using purposive
sampling. The analysis was interpreted
through directed content analysis methods.
Results: Using
the data obtained from 17 participants,
two themes with 7 subthemes emerged. The
main theme of “spiritual beliefs”
including the categories of praying, spiritual
mediation, effective spirituality and
spiritual forgiving and also the main
theme of “superstition” including
the categories of wrong beliefs, resorting
to superstitions for fleeing from life
problems, and imposed traditional marriage
were conceptualized.
Spiritual beliefs
and superstitions are among the major
factors affecting the stability or instability
of families. In the case of reduced control
on life affairs, some families resort
to spiritual beliefs while some others
turn to superstitions.
Conclusions:
Families could be trained to find some
correct and suitable solutions along with
reinforcement of spiritual beliefs to
cope with the use of superstitions in
solving familial life problems and increase
family health and stability.
Key words:
Family; Health; Stability; Spirituality;
Beliefs; Superstitions
|
Family is a social institution with various
biological, economical, legal, psychological,
and sociological aspects which forms the most
fundamental social foundation reflecting social
orders or disorders (1). Indeed, the family
unit is one of the most important factors affecting
community health of which underpins society
(2). The increased rate of divorce in the present
community of Iran and Yazd, central Iran, necessitates
the investigation of the factors influencing
couples’ compatibility and family stability.
One of the factors affecting family stability
is spiritual beliefs which may affect familial
interactions, decision-making, and loyalty or
adherence to familial life. The role of these
beliefs is of utmost importance in the incidence
and resolving of marital disputes and disparities
(3). Family stability is related to several
factors one of which is spiritual well-being
(4). Spirituality is used as a compatibility
mechanism in reaction to life pressures and
other daily difficulties such as familial disaster,
disease, and mourning (5). Adherence to spirituality
and religion is an important factor in marital
stability and satisfaction. On the contrary,
the greater the disparity in the couples’
spiritual beliefs, the greater their discrepancies
(6).
Moreover, adherence to spirituality in couples
can produce reciprocal respect and confidence
while lack of adherence to spirituality leads
to irresponsibility in the couple’s behavior,
thereby resulting in reduced marital satisfaction
(7). Unfortunately, parallel to deep spiritual
beliefs, some superstitions with a tinge of
spirituality have imposed themselves on families.
The Iranian territory has been invaded by many
different nations, specially the Mongols, over
past history. One notorious gift of these invasions
has been the prevalence of superstitious beliefs
specifically in the cultural domain which have
been transmitted to the succeeding generations
as well. Superstition is an attitude or behavior
striking the mind of an individual on the basis
of fear, threat, habit, and some unknown causes
to prevent unfavorable events. This behavior
is not founded on the basis of logical action
and cause-and-effect relationships. Although
increased education and the public culture of
the community leads to decreased superstitious
beliefs, it must be emphasized that even modern
humans cannot reject superstition entirely or
free themselves from it practically (8). Given
that the Iranian nation, specifically the people
of Yazd, are a well-known religious community
with powerful spiritual beliefs and values and
at the same time some of them hold superstitious
beliefs, these two factors affect the intra-familial
relationships influencing significantly the
stability or instability of the family. Consequently,
it is mandatory to note the effect of spirituality
and superstition on their performance in studies
on family. The concepts related to this field
should be analyzed carefully and this is only
possible via qualitative studies since these
types of studies enable the researchers to enter
the internal world of the participants and determine
the concepts formed in a culture, and their
related variables, and explain them (9).
The present study aims to identify and describe
the spiritual beliefs and superstitions among
the families in Yazd to pave the way for future
studies aimed at stabilizing and empowering
the family foundation. To do so, this study
was conducted using directed content analysis
on the basis of the constructs of McMaster’s
model.
This local study was conducted as part of a
multi-centered larger study on determining the
experiences of experts in family and marriage
and also the practical experiences of couples
in Yazd, Iran. It tried to identify and describe
the spiritual beliefs and superstitions among
the Yazidi families on the basis of McMaster’s
model using directed content analysis in 2016.
Sometimes, there are the results of previous
studies on a phenomenon that are not complete
or require more refinement or description. In
this case, the researcher decided on directed
content analysis (10) . The goal of directed
content analysis is to validate and develop
the conceptual framework of the theory or to
expand the theory itself. The directed content
analysis enjoys a more structured process than
other content analysis methods (11,12).
Since McMaster’s model is one of the effective
and suitable models for investigating the performance
of families in Iran which can be used to prevent
familial and marital problems round the country
(13) , it was applied in this study.
The participants of the study included 9 family
experts with a mean work experience of 14.2
years and 8 espouses in Yazd, Iran, selected
on the basis of purposive sampling method.
In this method, the researcher selects individuals
who are equipped with a rich experience in the
subject under study. The participants were chosen
from among the family and marriage experts on
the basis of three inclusion criteria: holding
a PhD or MSc degree, having at least 5 years
of work experience as consultant and treatment
of the couples and families, and inclination
for participation. The couples were, furthermore,
selected on the basis of the following criteria:
enjoying complete awareness, negative history
of affliction with major psychological disorders,
and inclination for participation.
The data were collected using semi-structured
and deep interview on the basis of McMaster’s
model. At the beginning of the speech, we prepared
a general question such as “Please relay
your experiences of one day in your routine
daily activities” .Then there were some
questions to cover criteria in attitude, for
example: “Which problem have you faced
recently and how did you approach it in your
family? ”or “what is the role of spirituality
in your life?”. Of course, the sentences
were not previously defined, and we tried to
use their own words. Next questions were asked
during the interview process. Having obtained
the required permission, all the interviews
were recorded and then completely transcribed
at the end of each interview and analyzed using
directed content analysis. The average duration
of the interviews was between 45 to 60 min which
were performed with appointments made beforehand
in the locations at the experts’ workplace
or in the center determined by the couples which
the participants felt were convenient and in
a quiet and pleasing atmosphere. The
criteria for stopping data collection from the
samples was data saturation when no new data
could be extracted from the participants any
more.
This study used descriptive content analysis
which included the following:
Transcription of the whole interview immediately
after its completion, reviewing the whole text
for arriving at a general understanding of its
content, determining the semantic units and
the primary codes, classification of the similar
primary codes in more comprehensive categories
and determining the main theme of the categories
(14).
1. Data Analysis
The analysis process was repeated with the addition
of each interview and the codes and categories
were refined and improved. The reliability and
validity of the data was established using sufficient
participation, close interaction with the participants,
variety in the participants regarding age, gender,
work experience, etc., data integration, repeated
review of data, data review by the participants,
and ethical perspectives of outsider observers.
Also we selected couples from different socioeconomic
areas. Besides an individual analysis, we did
a total analysis by combining interviews. This
was difficult and time consuming, but increased
external validity.
2. Ethical Issues
This study was approved by the ethics committee
of Health School of Shahid Sadoughi University
of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (approval code::IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1395.52).
All participants in the study were assured of
the confidentiality of their personal information
and absence of any constraint to participate
in the study. Because our study was qualitative
and conducted based on interview with the participants,
they entered the study with their consent and
desire. Our interviews did not contain any individuals,
name.
We
analyzed
17
semi-structured
interviews
that
were
conducted
with
9
family
experts
(FE)
and
8
espouses
(E)
in
Yazd,
Iran
(Table
1).
With
the
use
of
purposive
sampling
method,
we
identified
2
main
themes
and
7
subthemes
(Table
2).
Table
1:
Participants
Characteristics
Click
here
for
Table
2:
Identified
Themes,
Subthemes
and
Subcategories
The
results
of
the
themes
of
“spiritual
beliefs”
are
as
follows:
1.
Praying
…I
say
my
prayers
and
cry
whenever
I
face
difficulties,
I
pray
to
God
to
make
me
patient
so
that
I
can
tolerate
the
disasters…”
(woman
1).
2.
Spiritual
Mediation
…my
daughter
says:
why
does
not
daddy
say
his
prayers?
When
I
reach
the
age
of
religious
puberty,
I
should
say
my
prayers.
I
say
you
can
ask
it
from
your
Quran
teacher
when
you
go
there…”
(
woman
2
).
3.
Effective
Spirituality
One
of
the
experts
said:”…religious
beliefs
prevent
people
from
retaliating.
Even
if
they
do
not
do
a
good
thing
to
you,
they
do
not
do
a
bad
thing
against
you,
either.
This
reduces
the
marital
tensions.
Spiritual
beliefs
affect
the
whole
life,
breeding
of
children,
and
relations
with
the
spouse’s
family
or
with
our
own
family…”
(
expert
doctor
9)
.
4.
Spiritual
Forgiving
…but
when
matters
of
faith
play
a
role,
she
says:
though
my
husband
is
not
that
generous,
he
has
other
good
features
which
overcome
this
weakness.
Or
when
she
sees
that
her
husband
commits
a
mistake,
if
she
says
you
did
this
wrong
thing,
so
I
do
the
same
to
you,
they
put
themselves
in
a
pickle….religious
beliefs
hinder
these
types
of
affairs…”
(
expert
8
)
.
Moreover,
the
results
of
the
theme
of
“superstition”
were
as
the
following:
5.
Wrong
Beliefs
…we
have
different
types
of
couples;
in
many
cases
the
educated
wife
wants
to
work
outside
home,
but
the
husband
opposes
her
and
prevents
her
working
outside
due
to
his
own
wrong
beliefs.
He
insists
that
she
should
just
do
the
housework
and
be
a
housekeeper…”
(
expert
doctor
5).
6.
Writing
Talisman,
Doing
Black
Magic,
and
Seeing
the
Fortune-teller
…some
families
are
not
at
all
familiar
with
the
new
psychological
approaches;
they
use
the
local
therapists
superstitiously
like
fortune-telling,
performing
black
magic,
going
to
the
soothsayer,
augur,
…they
follow
hundreds
of
incorrect
treatments
and
finally
after
failure,
they
turn
to
us
when
it
is
too
late…”
(expert
doctor,
5
).
…many
attendances
in
recent
years
have
been
related
to
sexual
disorders
which,
as
they
are
taboo,
they
turn
to
the
specialists
less
frequently
and
seek
treatment
from
traditional
therapies
and
talisman
writing…”
(
expert
2
)
.
7.
Traditional
Imposed
Marriage
One
of
the
experts
asserts
in
this
regard:
“…this
morning
a
young
boy
and
girl
came
to
me
to
have
a
pre-marriage
consultation.
To
me,
they
were
not
a
suitable
couple
to
get
married
as
they
had
opposite
personality
poles.
The
girl’s
family
told
their
daughter
that
the
boy
is
not
an
addict
and
says
his
prayers
regularly
as
a
Muslim
and
you
must
accept
to
marry
him.
The
girl
says
that
she
does
not
like
him
for
his
job
and
education.
She
says
that
her
family
do
not
allow
her
to
express
her
heart-felt
beliefs
and
feelings…”
(expert
8)
.
Regarding
obligatory
adherence
and
loyalty
to
marital
relations,
one
of
the
experts
said:
“…extramarital
relations
means
that
a
man
or
a
woman
who
has
formal
ethical
commitment
and
is
obligatorily
bound
to
their
marital
life,
is
attracted
to
an
alien
person
for
some
reasons
and
forms
an
emotional
relation
with
that
individual,
so
they
form
a
cold
feeling
towards
their
spouses…”
(
expert
doctor
,
7
).
On
the
basis
of
the
findings
of
this
study,
it
seems
that
families
seek
resort
to
several
solutions
to
resolve
their
familial
disputes
and
disparities.
In
this
respect,
some
families
resort
to
spiritual
beliefs
while
others
resort
to
superstition.
The
presence
of
spirituality
exerts
a
significant
effect
on
family
stability.
Faith
in
God
makes
the
individuals’
attitude
toward
the
whole
existence
meaningful
and
purposeful.
On
the
other
hand,
it
causes
people
to
acquire
internal
consistency
and
equilibrium.
This
is
the
origin
of
many
disputes
and
discrepancies
in
families.
Also,
adherence
to
spirituality
plays
a
pivotal
role
in
marriage
stability
and
marital
satisfaction.
The
greater
the
spiritual
discrepancy
of
the
couples,
the
greater
their
disputes
(6).
Numerous
studies
have
emphasized
the
efficacy
of
spirituality
in
marital
satisfaction
and
reinforcing
the
relations
between
couples
(15-18).
Demaris
et
al.
(2010)
stated
that
religion
is
the
most
important
parameter
in
understanding
between
the
couples
and
lack
of
spiritual
homogeneity
makes
the
wives
depressed
and
anxious
indicating
that
women
are
more
deeply
affected
by
this
religious
inequality
(19).
This
study
showed
that
the
family
members,
specifically
women,
resort
to
praying
to
relieve
their
mental
pain.
Praying
is
a
spiritual
activity
and
for
many
it
is
a
religious
activity
(20).
The
families
in
Yazd,
especially
women,
pray
to
God
to
solve
their
problems
and
ask
Him
to
bestow
patience
on
them.
They
also
pray
to
God
to
promote
their
resistance
against
disastrous
difficulties.
It
is
not
a
new
phenomenon
to
believe
that
spiritual
beliefs
and
praying
can
be
effective
in
individuals’
psychosomatic
improvement.
The
pure
heart-felt
faith
in
God
may
even
cure
a
fatal
disease
and
save
the
patient’s
life
in
a
miraculous
manner.
The
history
of
praying,
its
intrinsic
origin,
and
an
analysis
of
the
jargon
of
praying
displays
the
fact
that
the
language
of
praying
is
an
international
one
and
is
shared
by
all
human
beings.
It
needs
no
training
and
the
intelligence
for
it
is
equally
latent
in
all
races
of
humans
in
all
places
and
at
all
times
(21).
In
this
study,
asking
for
others’
help
in
matters
of
faith
(asking
faith-related
questions)
was
a
manifestation
of
spiritual
mediation.
The
mother
advised
her
offspring
to
ask
her
faith
question
from
her
divinities
teacher
since
she
was
not
able
to
answer
her
daughter’s
question.
In
this
regard,
Morse
(2009)
declares
that
asking
faith
questions
from
a
clergyman
is
an
art
since
listening
to
the
speeches
of
a
person
who
is
talking
about
sacred
spiritual
matters
requires
creative
attention
to
the
subject.
The
spiritual
individuals
have
no
expectations
to
compensate
for
this
spiritual
guidance
because
they
believe
that
God
is
there.
Humans
are
not
seeking
the
philosophy
of
these
questions
when
they
ask
it,
rather,
they
want
to
know
the
position
of
God
in
their
life.
Ultimately,
when
the
internal
emotions
and
spiritual
doubts
of
a
person
are
deeply
discovered,
their
life
environment
becomes
safe
and
full
of
mercy
(22).
Another
subcategory
of
the
theme
of
“spiritual
beliefs“
in
this
study
was
“effective
spirituality”
(adherence
to
spirituality
is
manifested
as
better
management
of
familial
life).
Being
concerned
with
spirituality
and
religion
increases
individuals’
resistance
against
life
problems.
Several
studies
indicate
the
significant
effect
of
spirituality
on
increased
marital
stability
and
satisfaction
(23-26).
Given
that
the
Iranian
nation,
especially
the
Yazidi
people,
are
particularly
religious,
so,
spirituality
plays
a
major
role
in
the
relations
among
the
family
members.
Another
a
subcategory
of
the
theme
of
“spiritual
beliefs”
is
“spiritual
forgiving”.
In
the
present
study,
forgiving
the
spouse’s
faults
and
weaknesses
due
to
adherence
to
spirituality
and
avoiding
retaliation
are
manifestations
of
spiritual
forgiving.
The
religious
beliefs
and
actions
enable
the
person
to
internally
control
themselves
physiologically,
cognitively,
and
emotionally
to
be
able
to
accept
the
responsibility
of
their
actions
in
conflicts.
From
the
inter-personal
point
of
view,
spirituality
creates
conditions
that
make
the
person
attend
to
God
at
times
of
anger
and
avoid
opposition
to
their
spouse
and,
thus,
ignore
their
faults
and
weakness.
Relation
with
God
plays
an
interactional
and
compensatory
role
in
marital
relations.
Of
course,
the
marital
satisfaction
could
be
promoted
and
disputes
could
be
resolved
with
self-knowledge.
It
can
change
the
deficient
attitude
towards
existence
and
give
a
new
meaning
to
life.
It
further
creates
intuition
towards
one’s
behavior,
corrects
the
thoughts
and
illogical
expectations,
and
increases
compatibility
and
forgiving
between
the
couple
(27).
A
further
concept
discovered
in
this
study
was
superstition
and
unwise
beliefs
running
in
families.
According
to
Bidney
(1953)
superstition
is
defined
as
a
kind
of
fear
based
on
illogical
or
mythological
beliefs
which
usually
originate
from
some
taboos
(28).
Wagner
(1928)
also
refers
to
superstition
as
illogical
or
unwise
beliefs
(29).
Thalbourne
(1977)
defines
superstition
as
a
belief
which
if
enacted,
brings
up
either
happiness
or
misery,
while
there
is
no
generally
accepted
or
logical
basis
for
such
a
belief
(30).
Moreover,
Peltzer
(2003)
states
in
this
regard
that
although
the
logical
method
is
emphasized
for
preventing
the
incidence
of
events,
sometimes
the
illogical
method
is
adopted
in
the
literature
of
every
nation
(31).
In
fact,
superstition
is
a
wide
range
of
beliefs
and
behaviors
that
occur
on
the
basis
of
the
property
of
establishment
of
some
incorrect
cause-effect
processes
due
to
ignorance,
fear
of
the
unknown,
belief
in
black
magic
or
fortune
or
an
inaccurate
perception.
This
behavior
has
acquired
a
high
position
in
the
folkloric
culture
and
psychology
(32).
Additionally,
in
this
study,
with
respect
to
incorrect
beliefs,
manifestations
such
as
the
incorrect
beliefs
of
the
husband
towards
the
wife’s
working
outside
home
and
lack
of
social
activity
of
women
due
to
the
superiority
of
the
traditional
attitudes
specially
in
low-educated
families
were
achieved.
Also,
the
manifestations
of
“imposed
marriage”
included
“disliking
the
husband
due
to
traditional
marriage,
continuation
of
relations
with
another
person
for
pro-marriage
emotional
relations,
and
obligatory
adherence
to
marital
relations
after
marriage”.
Other
superstitious
beliefs
of
people
included:
seeing
the
soothsayer
and
fortune-teller
to
create
love
and
remove
the
marital
disputes,
believing
in
the
detrimental
effect
of
the
evil
eye
in
creating
marital
dispute,
burning
wild
rue
seeds
in
fire
to
counteract
the
evil
eye,
and
believing
that
the
girl
should
enter
the
husband’s
house
with
a
white
veil
and
leave
it
in
a
white
shroud.
It
appears
that
in
conditions
that
families’
ability
for
controlling
life
affairs
and
reducing
life
problems
is
decreased,
some
of
them
resort
to
spiritual
beliefs
to
reach
internal
tranquility
and
to
increase
their
tolerance
against
difficulties
while
some
other
superstitious
individuals
seek
treatment
in
actions
like
writing
talisman,
black
magic,
and
seeing
soothsayers
and
fortune-tellers.
Spiritual
beliefs
and
superstitions
are
among
the
major
factors
affecting
the
stability
or
instability
of
families.
In
the
case
of
reduced
control
on
life
affairs,
some
families
resort
to
spiritual
beliefs
while
some
others
turn
to
superstitions.
So,
families
could
be
trained
to
find
some
correct
and
suitable
solutions
along
with
reinforcement
of
spiritual
beliefs
to
cope
with
the
use
of
superstitions
in
solving
familial
life
problems
and
increase
family
stability.
Limitations
The
participating
couples
were
selected
based
on
the
goals
of
our
study,
therefore,
may
not
represent
all
of
couples’
experiences
of
family
health
and
stability.
Also,
the
experts
within
the
study
were
selected
due
to
their
willingness
and
availability
to
participate
in
the
study.
Therefore,
it
is
possible
that
those
who
chose
to
participate
in
the
study
are
those
who
are
more
enthusiastic
and
committed
to
the
study.
Acknowledgements
This
article
is
distilled
from
part
of
a
PhD
dissertation
concerned
with
social
determinants
of
health.
Our
special
thanks
should
go
to
the
School
of
Public
Health
in
Shahid
Sadoughi
University
of
Medical
Sciences.
We
should
also
thank
all
the
experts,
couples,
Psychiatrists,
psychologists,
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